Paediatrics Week 1 Exam - Nurses Revision

Welcome to your Paediatrics Week 1 Exam

August 31, 2025

35 Numbers, 30 objectives and 5 fill ins

Attempt all Numbers.

1. Which of the following best describes apnea in full-term infants?

A) Cessation of breathing for less than 10 seconds

B) Cessation of breathing for more than 20 seconds

C) Cessation of breathing with a heart rate above 100 bpm

D) Cessation of breathing only during feeding

2. Which type of apnea is most commonly associated with a failure of the brain to send signals to the breathing muscles?

A) Obstructive Apnea

B) Central Apnea

C) Mixed Apnea

D) Periodic Breathing

3. Which pathogen is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults?

a) Klebsiella pneumoniae

b) Staphylococcus aureus

c) Streptococcus pneumoniae

d) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

4. Which of the following complications is most directly related to bacterial pneumonia?

a) Emphysema

b) Pneumothorax

c) Lung abscess

d) Pulmonary embolism

5. What is the first-line antibiotic treatment for children with non-severe pneumonia?

a) Ceftriaxone

b) Amoxicillin

c) Vancomycin

d) Gentamicin

6. Which of the following is the primary pathophysiological process in asthma?

A) Airway muscle relaxation

B) Airway inflammation leading to airway narrowing

C) Decreased mucus production

D) Increased alveolar surfactant production

7. What is the primary reason for administering corticosteroids in the management of asthma?

A) To increase mucus production

B) To reduce inflammation in the airways

C) To relax the airway muscles

D) To block histamine release

8. Which of the following is the primary cause of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in premature infants?

A. Genetic mutations

B. Surfactant deficiency

C. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

D. Maternal smoking

9. Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate for a patient with severe asthma exacerbation?

A) Risk for impaired skin integrity

B) Ineffective airway clearance

C) Deficient fluid volume

D) Risk for imbalanced nutrition

10. Which intervention is most appropriate for a premature infant experiencing apnea that does not respond to tactile stimulation?

A) Immediate feeding

B) Administration of caffeine citrate

C) Monitoring without intervention

D) Suctioning the mouth and nostrils

11. Which of the following pathogens is most likely to cause pneumonia in immunocompromised patients?

a) Streptococcus pneumoniae

b) Mycoplasma pneumoniae

c) Pneumocystis jirovecii

d) Haemophilus influenzae

12. Which of the following diagnostic tests is most specific for assessing the degree of airway obstruction in asthma?

A) Chest X-ray

B) Blood and sputum tests

C) Spirometry

D) Skin tests

13. What is the most appropriate initial treatment for a patient experiencing an acute asthma attack?

A) Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs)

B) Inhaled short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs)

C) Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)

D) Oral theophylline

14. What is the recommended initial dose of adrenaline (epinephrine) for a newborn with a heart rate less than 60 bpm despite 1 minute of effective ventilation and chest compressions?

A. 0.1-0.3 ml/kg of 1:10,000 solution

B. 0.5-1.0 ml/kg of 1:10,000 solution

C. 1-2 ml/kg of 1:1,000 solution

D. 2-4 ml/kg of 1:1,000 solution

15. Which clinical feature is most likely to be observed during an episode of apnea in a neonate?

A) Tachycardia

B) Cyanosis

C) Increased activity

D) Hyperventilation

16. Which of the following signs is a late indicator of respiratory distress in a newborn?

A. Tachypnea

B. Nasal flaring

C. Central cyanosis

D. Expiratory grunt

17. Which of the following is a common trigger for apnea in premature infants?

A) Well-controlled blood glucose levels

B) Maternal prenatal drug exposure

C) Advanced gestational age

D) Hyperthermia

18. Which maternal condition is associated with an increased risk of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the newborn?

A. Hypertension

B. Diabetes

C. Hyperthyroidism

D. Anemia

19. Which clinical manifestation is most commonly associated with an acute asthma attack?

A) Bradycardia

B) Wheezing

C) Increased blood pressure

D) Dry mouth

20. What is the primary reason for using pulse oximetry in a neonate with apnea?

A) To monitor blood pressure

B) To detect changes in oxygen saturation

C) To assess feeding tolerance

D) To measure body temperature

21. What is the primary reason for giving prophylactic surfactant therapy to very premature infants?

A. To reduce the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

B. To prevent congenital heart defects

C. To treat meconium aspiration syndrome

D. To lower blood glucose levels

22. Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for developing Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)?

A) Lung infection

B) Prematurity

C) High maternal age

D) Vitamin A deficiency

23. Which diagnostic test is most useful in confirming the presence of meconium in the trachea?

A) Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

B) Chest X-ray

C) High-Resolution Chest Computed Tomography (HRCT)

D) Endotracheal suctioning

24. Which of the following is an appropriate management strategy for an infant with Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) who is not vigorous at birth?

A) Immediate surfactant therapy

B) Admission to the NICU

C) Early enteral feeding

D) Minimizing respiratory support

25. Which medication is used to manage the inflammation associated with Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS)?

A) Bronchodilators

B) Corticosteroids

C) Diuretics

D) Antifungals

26. Meconium aspiration syndrome is characterized by the aspiration of:

a) Amniotic fluid

b) Blood

c) Urine

d) Fecal material

27. Which of the following conditions can cause fetal distress and lead to the untimely passage of meconium?

a) Placental insufficiency

b) Preeclampsia

c) Maternal infection/chorioamnionitis

d) All of the above

28. Which of the following clinical features is commonly observed in infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)?

a) Tachypnea

b) Wheezing

c) Bluish discoloration around the mouth or lips

d) All of the above

29. In some cases, infants with BPD may require cardiac medications to:

a) Relax the muscles around the air passages

b) Reduce inflammation within the lungs

c) Prevent viral infections

d) Relax the muscles around the blood vessels in the lung

30. You know we cant forget to appreciate you for reaching this far, would free marks work for you?

Yes yes

No please, UNMEB won't give me

Fill In Questions

31. The sound commonly heard in the chest of infants with conditions such as Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia or asthma, characterized by a high-pitched, musical noise during expiration, is referred to as __________.

32. __________ are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and the blood, and are affected in pneumonia.

33. When a newborn inhales a mixture of fecal matter and amniotic fluid during labor or delivery, leading to respiratory complications, this condition is known as __________.

34. __________ refers to a type of apnea where the infant's breathing stops due to a failure in the central nervous system’s control over respiratory function.

35. The __________ is a rapid assessment tool used to evaluate the physical condition of a newborn immediately after birth, including heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and color.