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Stomach & Intestines Digestive System Anatomy: Stomach & Intestines GASTROINTESTINAL ANATOMY Stomach The stomach is a dilated, J-shaped organ of the alimentary canal, situated between the esophagus and the duodenum. Functions Storage of food: It acts as a temporary reservoir for ingested food. Mixing and mechanical digestion: It churns food with gastric juices to form…

Heart & Great Vessels Anatomy: Heart, Pericardium, Great Vessels & Esophagus GROSS ANATOMY The Heart, Pericardium, and Great Vessels Pericardium The pericardium is a tough, double-layered fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels (aorta, pulmonary trunk, venae cavae, pulmonary veins). Main Functions Lubrication: Contains a small amount of fluid…

Anatomy of the Thorax: The Rib Cage, Vertebrae, and Diaphragm Module Learning Objectives By the end of this highly detailed, exhaustive guide, you will master: The complete osteology and functional boundaries of the Thoracic Cage. The intricate anatomy of the Sternum and the vital topographical importance of the Sternal Angle. The structural classification, specific features,…

Digestion, Absorption & GIT Disorders Digestion, Absorption & GIT Disorders GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY Digestion, Absorption & GIT Disorders Digestion is the process of breaking down complex food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body. Absorption is the subsequent process of transporting these digested nutrients from the lumen of the GI tract into…

GIT Secretions Gastrointestinal Secretions Physiology SYSTEMS PHYSIOLOGY Gastrointestinal (GIT) Secretions The gastrointestinal tract is equipped with a diverse array of secretory glands that play two fundamental roles: Secretion of Digestive Enzymes: These enzymes are essential for breaking down complex food molecules into absorbable units. This enzymatic activity occurs from the mouth all the way to…

Digestive/GIT Neuro & Motility Digestive System Physiology SYSTEMS PHYSIOLOGY The Digestive System Physiology The digestive system is a vital organ system responsible for breaking down food into absorbable nutrients, water, and electrolytes, and then eliminating indigestible waste. It can be broadly divided into two main parts: the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), also known as the alimentary…

Renal Clearance & Micturition Systems Physiology: Renal Clearance & Micturition Unit: Systems Physiology Renal Clearance Clearance is a quantitative measure of how effectively the kidneys remove a particular substance from the blood plasma. It represents the hypothetical volume of plasma that would be completely cleared of a substance per unit of time. Mathematical Definition: The…

Haemodynamics GFR & Diuretics Systems Physiology: Kidneys, Filtration, GFR & Starling Forces RENAL PHYSIOLOGY Functional Anatomy of the Kidneys The urinary system is a vital organ system responsible for filtering blood, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and excreting waste products. Components of the Urinary System Paired Kidneys: These are the primary organs, responsible for blood…

Lower Respiratory Anatomy Systems Anatomy: Lower Respiratory Tract Lower Respiratory Tract Overview The lower respiratory tract is responsible for conducting air deep into the lungs and for the vital process of gas exchange. It begins immediately inferior to the larynx. Components: It consists of the trachea, the main bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary), progressively smaller bronchioles,…

Upper Respiratory Anatomy Systems Anatomy: Respiratory Tract UNIT: SYSTEMS ANATOMY Respiratory Tract The respiratory tract is the pathway for air, comprising structures that transport, filter, warm, and humidify air for gas exchange in the lungs. It is divided into the upper (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx) and lower (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli) tracts. Key functions…