Personality and Psychological aspects in nursing care of patients

• These individuals are believed to have an abundance of blood.
• They tend to be cheerful and warm.
• They are optimistic, active, social, outgoing, talkative, and responsive.

• These individuals are characterized as sluggish, peaceful, and controlled.
• They are calm, passive, thoughtful, often very cheerful, cool, and sometimes appear tired.
• They are associated with less phlegm and are typically even-tempered.
• They are easygoing, lively, carefree, good leaders, and tend to make and drop friends easily.

• These individuals are believed to have too much black bile.
• They are often sad, gloomy/moody, rigid, quiet, always fearful, unsociable, and can be hot-tempered.

• These individuals are believed to have excess yellow bile.
• They are easy to excite and easy to anger.
• They are restless, active, cheerful, changeable, and optimistic (often with high self-esteem).

Individuals with a Type A personality are characterized by:

• Being highly success-oriented, impatient, always in a hurry, and irritable at times.
• They are often referred to as a "high-stress" type of personality.
• They have a double risk of developing cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction (heart attack) and angina pectoris.
• They are aggressive and have high levels of competitiveness and ambition.
• They live under great pressure and have an exaggerated sense of time urgency.
• They become very irritated at delays or failure to meet their deadlines.
• They frequently try to do several things at once.
• They tend to overreact physiologically to events that arouse anger.

Individuals with a Type B personality are generally:

• Relaxed with low stress levels, possessing patience and a calm demeanor.
• They tend to be coronary disease resistant, meaning they have a lower incidence of cardiovascular problems and high blood pressure.
• They are generally more agreeable and have a far less sense of time urgency compared to Type A individuals.

Individuals with a Type C personality are sometimes associated with a "cancer-prone" personality (this is a controversial and not universally accepted concept in mainstream psychology). They are characterized by:

• Being highly sociable and perceived as "nice" people.
• They are very inhibited in showing negative emotions, often bottling up feelings like anger or anxiety, which seems to hinder active coping mechanisms.
• They tend to feel helpless and hopeless in the face of severe stress.
• They are often passive, uncomplaining, and compliant.

Differences between Normal and Abnormal Personalities

Distinguishing between normal and abnormal personalities is crucial in psychology and healthcare. While there is a spectrum, key differences often lie in the degree of distress, impairment, and deviation from cultural norms.

• Exhibits flexible and adaptive responses to life's challenges.
• Experiences a wide range of emotions appropriate to situations.
• Maintains stable and fulfilling relationships.
• Has a realistic perception of self and others.
• Copes effectively with stress and adversity.
• Behaviors are generally within socially accepted norms and do not cause significant distress to self or others.

• Inflexible and maladaptive patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that deviate significantly from cultural expectations.
• Causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
• Patterns are pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations.
• Often present since adolescence or early adulthood and stable over time.
• May have difficulty maintaining stable relationships, understanding social cues, or controlling impulses.
• The individual may not always perceive their own behavior as problematic, leading to challenges in seeking help.

• Usually quiet and do not mix well with others.
• Prefer a solitary life to company.
• Interests are more introspective and intellectual.
• May have difficulty in making friends.

• They like company and prefer a social way of life over solitude.
• They are more practical and action-oriented than introspective.
• Their interests often involve activities done in a team or group.

• These individuals fall between the introvert and extrovert types of personality, exhibiting characteristics of both depending on the situation.

• These are people who are always aiming at perfection, are extremely orderly, neat, and rigidly adhere to rules.
• They are always cautious and highly responsible.
• They are sometimes too rigid, governed by routine rather than situational considerations.
• They find great difficulty in adapting to change.
• They are reliable and cannot tolerate mistakes.
• They are consistent and punctual, often to an extreme degree.
• They can be uncomfortable with relationships due to their rigidity and need for control.
• Paradoxically, they may not complete tasks due to excessive preoccupation with detail and perfection.

• These people are extremely introverted and tend to avoid social company.
• They are emotionally cold and aloof.
• They are inclined to daydreaming/fantasy and have a rich inner world.
• They often have no sense of humor.
• They can be absent-minded or seem to have a "split mind" in terms of attention.
• They have poor social skills.
• While distinct, schizoid personality can sometimes be an early indicator or precursor to schizophrenic illness for some individuals.

• They are characterized by chronic mood swings, fluctuating between mild depressive symptoms and mild hypomanic (elevated mood) symptoms, not severe enough to be full-blown major depression or mania.
• Sometimes one is extroverted, good-natured, sociable, and emotionally warm.
• At other times, they can be gloomy, irritable, and emotionally cold.
• These individuals have a higher predisposition to develop bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive psychosis).

• They are very suspicious of others, interpreting their motives as malevolent.
• They exhibit excessive jealousy.
• They are difficult to please and take everything rather too seriously, avoiding a sense of humor.
• They may develop delusions of grandeur (exaggerated belief in one's importance) and persecution (belief that others are out to harm them).
• They lack trust and are usually hyper-alert to defend themselves.
• They frequently complain of being treated unfairly.
• In severe cases, they may develop paranoid schizophrenia.

• Characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.
• They are highly suggestible, easily influenced by others or circumstances.
• Show immaturity and are governed by emotions as opposed to realism or logic.

• They are noted for a profound lack of conscience, empathy, or remorse/regret for their actions.
• They do not learn from past experiences or punishments.
• They frequently show anti-social and disregard for the rights of others.
• Usually very intelligent, cunning, convincing, and highly deceptive.
• They make friends quickly but also drop them easily, using people for their own gain.
• They are disrespectful and exploitative.
• They can be violent and dishonest.
• Often have a history of neglect or abuse in childhood.
• They are prone to substance abuse (e.g., alcoholism) and sexual deviations.

• Chronically pessimistic and always expecting the worst outcomes.
• Tensed up with chronic worrying and feelings of inadequacy.
• Always complaining of how unfairly they are treated by others in authority.
• Hard to please, as they perceive life as full of insurmountable problems.
• Feels the future holds no hope for them.

• They have a pervasive sense of superiority, grandiosity, and self-importance.
• They are extremely sensitive to failure, defeat, and criticism.
• When confronted with failure or criticism, they can easily become depressed or enraged.
• They expect to be admired and often suspect others' motives.
• They are viewed by others as self-centered, arrogant, selfish, and lacking empathy.