QUESTIONS SET BY NURSES REVISION STUDENTS THAT MADE THEM GET DISTINCTIONS
Group 1
For the following questions 1 to 20 circle the best alternative
1. The following are tools used in data collection EXCEPT
2. A study in which a group of individuals exposed to a risk factor is compared with those not exposed to a risk factor is
3. Which of the following is a categorical variable?
4. The following words are suitable for writing objectives EXCEPT
5. Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of research objective
6. APA in full is
7. An informed consent in research MUST contain the following
8. Which of the following is a recognized type of quantitative research study?
9. identify the numerical variables
10. Which scale is used to measure attitude
11. ______ is NOT an example of probability sampling
12. Which of the following study designs is NOT analytic in nature?
13. Which of the following study designs is best employed in testing hypothesis?
14. The process of conducting scientific research ends with
15. The first step in the process of conducting a scientific research is
16. The following statistics describe a numerical set of data
17. Central tendency is measured by ______ EXCEPT
18. The following is NOT a non-probability sampling
19. Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using the mean as a measure of central tendency?
20. How many chapters are in a nursing research?
Fill in the blank spaces
21. Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true is called ............
22. Which scale has an arbitrary zero? ............
23. Independent variable is also known as ............
24. The information that is collected during the research process is known as ............
25. Anything that can take on differing or varying values is a ............
26. A proportion of population selected for the study is known as ............
27. A cross section study that is done on the entire population is known as ............
28. The type of non numerical data which is hard to scale is called ............
29. The type of research design in which data is collected at one point in time is referred to as ............
30. ............ Are tools of formal mechanisms used to assess student as learners
Write short notes on the following
31. Outline 4(four) characteristics of research
- Systematic:Research follows a planned and ordered procedure.
- Empirical:Research is based on observable and measurable evidence.
- Logical:Research is guided by rules of reasoning and conclusions are based on evidence.
- Replicable:The research process can be repeated by other researchers to verify the findings.
- Objective:Research aims to be free from bias and personal opinions.
32. List 5(five) criteria for selecting a research topic
- FINER:Feasibility, Intresting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant.
- Relevance:The topic should be important and address a real problem or gap in knowledge.
- Feasibility:The research should be practical and achievable within the available resources (time, money, expertise, access to data).
- Interest:The researcher should be genuinely interested in the topic to stay motivated.
- Novelty:The topic should contribute something new to the existing body of knowledge or explore a new angle.
- Ethical considerations:The research should be conducted ethically and not harm participants.
- Availability of data/information:There should be enough existing information or potential for collecting new data on the topic.
Attempt all the questions
33. (a) Describe the procedure of developing a good questionnaire
Developing a good questionnaire involves several steps to ensure it effectively collects the necessary data:
- Define the Objectives:Clearly identify what information you need to collect and how it relates to your research questions and objectives.
- Determine the Target Audience:Understand the characteristics and literacy level of the people who will complete the questionnaire.
- Choose Question Types:Decide on the format of questions (e.g., open-ended, closed-ended, multiple-choice, Likert scale, ranking).
- Draft the Questions:Write clear, concise, and unambiguous questions. Avoid leading or double-barreled questions.
- Determine the Sequence:Arrange the questions in a logical flow, starting with easy or general questions and moving to more sensitive or specific ones.
- Write Clear Instructions:Provide clear instructions on how to answer each question and complete the questionnaire.
- Design the Layout:Make the questionnaire visually appealing, easy to read, and not too long.
- Pilot Test:Administer the questionnaire to a small group similar to your target audience to identify any problems or confusion.
- Revise:Based on the pilot test feedback, revise the questionnaire before the main data collection.
- Finalize:Prepare the final version for distribution.
33. (b) Outline the advantages of using a questionnaire and the interview guide as a tool for data collection
Advantages of using a Questionnaire:
- Cost-effective:Can collect data from a large number of people relatively cheaply.
- Time-efficient:Can be administered quickly, especially online or mail surveys.
- Anonymity and Confidentiality:Can provide anonymity, encouraging honest responses on sensitive topics.
- Standardized:All respondents answer the same questions, making data analysis easier.
- Reduces Interviewer Bias:Eliminates the influence of an interviewer on responses.
Advantages of using an Interview Guide (for interviews):
- In-depth Information:Allows for probing and clarification, leading to richer, more detailed data.
- Flexibility:Interviewers can adapt questions based on respondent's answers.
- Higher Response Rates:People may be more likely to participate in a face-to-face or phone interview.
- Non-verbal Cues:Interviewers can observe non-verbal communication, providing additional context.
- Suitable for Illiterate Participants:Can be used with individuals who cannot read or write.
34. (a) Explain the purpose of a pilot study
The purpose of a pilot study (or feasibility study) is to conduct a small-scale preliminary study before the main research to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed research plan. It helps to identify potential problems, refine the research methods, and make necessary adjustments before investing significant time and resources into the main study. Essentially, it's a trial run to ensure the main study is likely to be successful and produce valid results.
34. (b) Describe the advantages of a pilot study
- Identify potential problems:Helps uncover unforeseen issues with the research design, data collection methods, or procedures.
- Refine research instruments:Allows for testing and improving questionnaires, interview guides, or other tools for clarity and effectiveness.
- Assess feasibility:Determines if the study is practical in terms of time, cost, and recruitment of participants.
- Estimate sample size:Provides data that can be used to calculate a more accurate sample size for the main study.
- Train researchers:Offers an opportunity for research assistants or interviewers to practice the procedures.
- Gather preliminary data:Provides some initial data that can inform the analysis plan for the main study.
- Improve efficiency:By identifying and addressing problems early, a pilot study can save time and resources in the long run.
35. (a) What is a sample in research?
In research, a sample is a subset of individuals, units, or elements selected from a larger group called the population. The goal is to study the characteristics of this smaller group (the sample) and then generalize the findings to the entire population from which the sample was drawn. Using a sample is often necessary because it is impractical or impossible to collect data from every member of the population. [2, 12, 23, 34, 41]
35. (b) Explain the factors that influence sample size
Several factors influence the determination of an appropriate sample size for a research study:
- Population Variability:If the population is very diverse on the characteristics being studied, a larger sample size is needed to capture that variability.
- Desired Level of Precision (Margin of Error):A smaller margin of error (higher precision) requires a larger sample size.
- Confidence Level:A higher confidence level (e.g., 95% or 99%) requires a larger sample size.
- Type of Research Design:Different research designs have different sample size requirements. For example, experimental studies may need smaller samples than surveys exploring population characteristics.
- Statistical Methods:The complexity of the statistical analysis plan can influence the required sample size.
- Available Resources:Time, budget, and personnel limitations can constrain the achievable sample size.
- Response Rate:If a low response rate is expected, a larger initial sample may be needed to ensure a sufficient number of completed responses.
QUESTIONS SET BY NURSES REVISION STUDENTS THAT MADE THEM GET DISTINCTIONS
Group 2
SECTION A: MCQs
1. Which of the following concepts is LEAST likely to be directly operationalized as a variable in a research study?
2. Which of the following clearly states the three basic fundamental basic principles of research ethics?
3. A sample that includes every member of the population under study is called
4. Killing of insane, deformed, senile that were considered valueless during the Nazi medical experiment is referred to as
5. The following are the assumptions that the researcher intend to verify at the end of the study EXCEPT
4. The systematic killing of individuals deemed "unworthy of life," such as those with mental illness, disabilities, or chronic illnesses, by the Nazi regime was known as:
7. What is research?
8. Information that is collected during the research process is known as
9. A variable is.....
10. Which of the following scales has an arbitrary zero
11. A dependent variable is also known as
12. Which of the following scale is ranked orderly
13. The continuous variables include the following
14. In the statement “Lord Mayor” of Kampala is interested in the miles commuters must drive each morning. The variable is
15. Paraphrasing is defined as
16. Which of the following is the primary source of information
17. APA in full is
18. Which of the following sampling techniques does not use sampling frame?
19. The following words are suitable for writing objectives EXCЕРТ.
Section B. Fill in the Blank Space
21. A sample that represents a characteristic of a population as closely as possible is called ............
22. ............ refers to the complexity of the problem and resources required to carry out the study.
23. The independent variable is also known as...........
24. ............ are the untested statements or assumptions that the researcher intends to verify at the end of the study.
25. The average of the square of the deviations from the means of a set of observations is referred to as ............
26. In the context of sample size determination, the ............ represents the acceptable margin of error around the sample estimate.
27. ............ is the sample drawn in such a way that each element of the population has a chance of being selected.
28. The technique of collecting information from a portion of a population is called ............
29. ............ is the total of items or subjects in a set with relevant characteristics that a researcher needs.
30. The information that is collected during the research process is called ............
Section C: Short Essay
31. State five(5) challenges faced by the researcher during the study (5 marks)
- Difficulty in accessing the target population or research setting:Getting permission to conduct the study or finding participants.
- Low response rates:Participants may be unwilling or unable to complete questionnaires or interviews.
- Collecting quality data:Ensuring that the data collected is accurate, complete, and reliable.
- Managing and analyzing large datasets:Dealing with a lot of information and using appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques.
- Ethical considerations:Ensuring participant confidentiality, informed consent, and avoiding harm.
- Time and resource constraints:Completing the study within the allocated time and budget.
- Dealing with unexpected events:Unforeseen circumstances that may disrupt the research process.
32. Give five(5) reasons why references are given in research (5 marks)
- To give credit to the original authors:Acknowledging the sources of ideas, information, and theories used in the research.
- To avoid plagiarism:Ensuring that you do not present someone else's work or ideas as your own.
- To provide evidence for your claims:Supporting your arguments and findings by referencing existing research.
- To allow readers to find the original sources:Enabling interested readers to locate and read the materials you cited.
- To demonstrate the breadth of your research:Showing that you have reviewed relevant literature and understand the existing knowledge in the field.
- To establish credibility and authority:Using reliable sources enhances the trustworthiness of your own research.
Section D: Long Essay Questions
33. a). What is a research problem? (2 marks)
A research problem is a clear, concise statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved upon, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in theory or practice and points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
33. b). Give four (4) sources of research problems. (4 marks)
- Personal experiences and observations:Noticing puzzling situations or gaps in knowledge during daily practice or life.
- Literature review:Identifying inconsistencies, gaps, or unanswered questions in existing research.
- Theories:Testing or extending existing theories.
- Discussions with experts or colleagues:Gaining insights into current issues or areas needing research.
- Previous research studies:Recommendations for future research made by other researchers.
- Policy issues or program evaluations:Questions arising from the need to inform policy or evaluate the effectiveness of programs.
33. c). List the steps involved in formulating a research problem. (10 marks)
- Identify a broad area of interest:Start with a general topic or field you are interested in.
- Narrow down the broad area:Focus on a specific aspect within the broad area.
- Identify a specific problem within the narrowed area:Pinpoint the particular issue or question you want to investigate.
- Review the literature:Understand what is already known about the topic, identify gaps, inconsistencies, or controversies.
- Evaluate the problem:Consider if the problem is researchable, significant, feasible, and ethical.
- Formulate the research question(s):Phrase the problem as a clear and concise question(s) that the study will answer.
- Develop objectives:State the specific goals or aims of the study based on the research question(s).
- Assess Objectives (Formulate hypotheses):Develop testable statements about the expected relationships between variables.
- Write a clear problem statement:Present the research problem, its context, significance, and the need for the study.
33. d). Give four (4) examples of research problems in health. (4 marks)
- What are the factors influencing adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adults living with HIV in rural communities?
- What is the effectiveness of a health education program on improving knowledge and practices regarding malaria prevention among pregnant women?
- What are the experiences of nurses providing palliative care to patients with cancer in public hospitals?
- What is the prevalence of malnutrition among children under five years old in a specific region?
- How does workload affect job satisfaction among nurses in intensive care units?
34. a). Using the ethical principles and ethical rules of research, mention five (5) rights of a participant in a research. (10 marks)
Based on ethical principles like Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice, research participants have several rights, including:
- Right to Informed Consent:Participants have the right to receive complete and understandable information about the study before agreeing to participate, including its purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and their rights.
- Right to Voluntary Participation:Participation in research must be completely voluntary, without any coercion or undue influence. Participants have the right to choose whether or not to participate and to withdraw at any time without penalty.
- Right to Confidentiality and Anonymity:Participants have the right to have their personal information kept confidential. Anonymity means that the researcher cannot identify the participant, while confidentiality means the researcher knows the participant's identity but protects their information.
- Right to Privacy:Participants have the right to control the extent, timing, and circumstances of sharing their personal information with others.
- Right to be Protected from Harm:Researchers must take all reasonable steps to minimise potential physical, psychological, social, and economic risks or discomforts to participants. The potential benefits must outweigh the risks.
- Right to Ask Questions:Participants have the right to ask questions about the research at any time and receive clear and honest answers.
34. b). what is ethical dilemma? (2 marks)
An ethical dilemma in research is a situation where there is a conflict between two or more ethical principles or values, making it difficult to determine the morally right course of action. Choosing one option means compromising on another ethical consideration.
34. c) List four (4) examples of ethical dilemmas. (4 marks)
- Balancing the need to collect sensitive information for research with the participant's right to privacy and confidentiality.
- Deciding whether to continue a study that is showing promising results for one group but potentially withholding a beneficial treatment from a control group.
- Determining how to ensure voluntary participation when studying vulnerable populations (e.g., prisoners, children) who may feel pressured to participate.
- Managing conflicts of interest where a researcher's personal or financial interests could potentially bias the research design, conduct, or reporting of findings.
- Deciding whether to disclose unexpected findings to participants that may cause distress but are relevant to their health.
35. a) Explain why research is considered to be a science. (10 marks)
Research is considered a science because it shares key characteristics and follows principles similar to those of scientific inquiry:
- Systematic Approach:Research follows a structured and organised plan, moving through distinct steps (problem identification, literature review, methodology, data collection, analysis, conclusion). This systematic nature ensures rigor and reduces bias.
- Empirical Evidence:Scientific research is based on observable and measurable evidence collected from the real world. Findings are not based on mere opinion, intuition, or speculation.
- Logical Reasoning:Research uses logical processes, both deductive (testing theories) and inductive (developing theories from observations), to interpret data and draw conclusions.
- Objectivity:Researchers strive to remain objective and minimise personal biases from influencing the study design, data collection, or interpretation of results.
- Testability:Scientific research involves formulating testable questions or hypotheses that can be supported or refuted through data collection and analysis.
- Replicability/Verifiability:The research process and findings should ideally be replicable by other researchers to verify the results and build confidence in the conclusions. Clear methods allow others to repeat the study.
- Generalizability (in quantitative research):The aim is often to generate findings that can be applied or generalised to a larger population beyond the study sample.
- Building on Existing Knowledge:Research contributes to a cumulative body of knowledge by building upon or challenging previous findings.
35. b) What are the characteristics of a good research topic? (4 marks)
- Relevant:Addresses an important problem or gap in knowledge that is significant to the field or society.
- Feasible:Can be realistically studied within the constraints of time, budget, resources, access to participants, and the researcher's skills.
- Clear and Specific:The topic is clearly defined and focused, not too broad or vague.
- Interesting:The topic is of genuine interest to the researcher, which helps maintain motivation throughout the study.
- Ethical:The research can be conducted in a way that respects ethical principles and protects participants.
- Novel:Offers a new perspective, explores an under-researched area, or confirms/challenges existing findings.
35. c) Give two examples of a research topic. (2 marks).
- Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding practices among mothers attending Nurses Revision Hospital, Kampala District.
- Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards mentrual hygiene among adolscent girls attending Nurses Revision Online Classes, Kampala.
35. d) What is SMART in full? (4 marks).
SMART is an acronym used for setting clear and effective objectives, including research objectives. It stands for:
- S: Specific- Objectives should be clear and precisely state what is to be achieved.
- M: Measurable- Objectives should be quantifiable or allow for assessment of whether they have been met.
- A: Achievable/Action-oriented- Objectives should be realistic and use action verbs to describe what the researcher will do.
- R: Relevant/Realistic- Objectives should align with the research problem and be achievable within the study's limitations.
- T: Time-bound- Objectives should have a defined timeframe for completion.
QUESTIONS SET BY NURSES REVISION STUDENTS THAT MADE THEM GET DISTINCTIONS
Group 3
Section :A (Multiple Choice Questions)
1. Information to be include in a consent form includes:
2. Which of the following study designs is most likely to have a higher internal validity?
3. The process of conducting scientific research end with..........
4. Which of the following statements about quasi-experimental designs is FALSE?
5. A study design that indicate two independent variables against one dependent variable is?
6. Continuous variables include the following:
7. The information collected during research process is known as:
8. A variable is:
9. Which of the following statement is not true about alternative hypothesis:
10. Which of the following sampling techniques does not use a sampling frame?
11. Which of the following statements about independent and dependent variables is FALSE?
12. A dependent variable is also known as:
13. About hypothesis, type II error means:
14. Which of the above is true about random sampling?
15. In this statement “the factors that influence the rate of spread of lice in SSCN hostels". The independent variable is?
16. About hypothesis, type I error means:
17. Which of the following is LEAST considered an essential characteristic of a well-designed questionnaire?
18. Which of the following is NOT true about a null hypothesis:
19. Which of the following statement is true?
20. APA in full is:
Section: B
21. The entire group of individuals or objects that a researcher is interested in studying is called the ............ or ............ population.
22. Quantitative variables can be broadly classified into ............ or ............ variables.
23. ............ is a smaller collection unit from a population used to determine truth about that population.
24. A sample that represents the characteristic of a population is called ............
25. ............ is a collection of observations on one or more variable.
26. Any sampling method where some elements of the population have no chance of selection is called ............
27. ............ is the process of a signing numbers to subject events or situation in accordance to some rule.
28. A ............ is the list from which a potential respondent are drawn.
29. The variable which is associated with a problem and can also cause a problem is called ............
30. ............ is a characteristic of a person objects or a phenomena that can take on different values.
Section: C (Short essay)
31. Give three factors that can influence the sampling representative (03mks)
- Sampling method:Probability sampling methods are more likely to produce a representative sample than non-probability methods.
- Sample size:A larger sample size generally increases the likelihood of obtaining a representative sample.
- Population variability:If the population is very diverse, a larger and carefully selected sample is needed to be representative.
- Sampling frame quality:A complete and accurate sampling frame is essential for probability sampling to ensure all members have a chance of selection.
- Non-response bias:If a significant portion of the selected sample does not participate, the resulting sample may not be representative of the original sample or population.
32. List the different types of probability sampling method
- Simple random sampling
- Systematic sampling
- Stratified random sampling
- Cluster sampling
- Multistage sampling
Long essay
33a) Define sampling (2mks)
Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals, units, or elements from a larger population to participate in a research study. This subset, called a sample, is intended to represent the characteristics of the entire population.
33b) State reasons for sampling (4mks)
- Feasibility and practicality:It is often impossible or impractical to study every member of a large population due to time, cost, and resource limitations.
- Efficiency:Studying a smaller sample is more efficient in terms of time and resources compared to a census.
- Accuracy:With proper sampling techniques, it is possible to obtain accurate information about the population from a sample. Sometimes, studying a large population can introduce more errors.
- Access to the population:The entire population might not be accessible, making sampling necessary.
- Destructive nature of the test:In some cases, the research process might involve destroying the unit being studied, making a census impossible.
33c) Explain different type of non-probability sampling (14mks)
Non-probability sampling methods are those where the selection of participants is not based on random chance, and therefore, not all members of the population have an equal or known probability of being included in the sample. This means the findings from a non-probability sample may not be generalisable to the entire population. Common types include:
- Convenience Sampling:
Definition: Selecting participants who are readily available and easy to access. The researcher chooses participants based on their convenience.
Explanation: For example, interviewing the first 20 patients who visit a clinic on a particular day. It is quick and inexpensive but highly prone to selection bias.
- Quota Sampling:
Definition: Dividing the population into subgroups (quotas) based on certain characteristics (e.g., age, gender, occupation) and then selecting a predetermined number of participants from each subgroup, but the selection within subgroups is not random.
Explanation: For instance, ensuring your sample includes a specific number of male and female nurses, but then choosing any male or female nurses who are available until the quota is filled. It attempts to make the sample somewhat representative of the population's proportions but lacks random selection.
- Purposive/Judgmental Sampling:
Definition: The researcher deliberately selects participants based on their own judgment and expertise about which individuals would be most informative for the study's purpose.
Explanation: Choosing experts in a particular field or individuals with specific experiences relevant to the research question. This method is useful for exploring specific cases or insights but is subject to researcher bias.
- Snowball Sampling:
Definition: Starting with a small number of participants who meet the study criteria and then asking them to identify and recruit other individuals who also meet the criteria.
Explanation: Used for hard-to-reach or hidden populations (e.g., drug users, homeless individuals). The sample grows like a snowball rolling downhill. This method is useful for accessing specific groups but can lead to a sample that is not representative of the entire target population.
34) What are factors that influence sampling size? (10mks)
Several factors influence how large a sample needs to be for a research study:
- Population Size:For smaller populations, a larger proportion of the population needs to be sampled to achieve representativeness. For very large populations, the sample size needed increases at a slower rate.
- Variability of the Population:If the characteristics being studied vary widely within the population, a larger sample is required to capture that diversity accurately.
- Desired Level of Precision (Margin of Error):How close the sample results are expected to be to the true population values. A smaller margin of error requires a larger sample size.
- Confidence Level:The degree of certainty that the sample results are representative of the population. Higher confidence levels (e.g., 95% or 99%) require larger sample sizes.
- Type of Research Design and Analysis:Different study designs and statistical methods have varying sample size requirements.
- Available Resources:The practical limitations of time, budget, and personnel often influence the maximum achievable sample size.
- Expected Effect Size:In studies testing interventions, the expected magnitude of the effect can influence sample size. Smaller expected effects may require larger samples to detect them.
- Response Rate:If a low response rate is anticipated, a larger initial sample size may be needed to ensure a sufficient number of completed responses.
35) Explain the different classification of variable according to purpose (14mks)
Variables in research can be classified based on their purpose or role in the study, particularly in examining relationships between them:
- Independent Variable (IV):
Definition: The variable that is manipulated, changed, or selected by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable. It is presumed to cause or influence the outcome.
Explanation: In an experiment, the independent variable is the treatment or intervention being tested (e.g., a new drug dosage). In non-experimental studies, it's the variable thought to be the predictor or influence (e.g., age influencing health outcomes). It is sometimes called the predictor variable or explanatory variable.
- Dependent Variable (DV):
Definition: The variable that is measured or observed and is expected to change in response to the independent variable. It is the outcome or effect being studied.
Explanation: In the drug dosage example, the dependent variable might be the patient's blood pressure (which is expected to change with the dosage). In the age example, the dependent variable might be a specific health outcome. It is sometimes called the outcome variable or criterion variable.
- Extraneous Variable:
Definition: Variables other than the independent variable that could potentially affect the dependent variable. These are factors that are not the focus of the study but could influence the results.
Explanation: In a study on the effect of a new teaching method on student performance, extraneous variables could include students' prior knowledge, motivation, or home environment. Researchers try to control for extraneous variables to ensure that any observed effect is truly due to the independent variable.
- Confounding Variable:
Definition: A type of extraneous variable that is related to both the independent and dependent variables. It can make it appear as though there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables when the relationship is actually due to the confounding variable.
Explanation: In a study finding a link between coffee consumption and heart disease, age could be a confounding variable if older people drink more coffee and are also more likely to have heart disease. The relationship between coffee and heart disease might be "confounded" by age. Researchers use study design and statistical methods to control for confounding.
QUESTIONS SET BY NURSES REVISION STUDENTS THAT MADE THEM GET DISTINCTIONS
Group 4
Multiple Choice Questions (SECTION A)
1. A dependent variable is also known as?
2. In the statement ‘the factors that influence the spread of TB in medical ward in SRRH', the independent variable is?
3. All of the following are common methods or tools for data collection EXCEPT:
4. Plagiarism refers to,
5. The following are the examples of probability sampling EXCEPT
6 Which of the following factors influence sample size
7 The sample size that includes every member of the population is called.
8 Continuous variable includes the following.
9 A variable is?
10 The following are non-probability sampling methods EXCEPT
11 Which of the following scales has an arbitrary zero
12 The following are the tools used in data collection EXCEPT
13 The information which is collected during the research process is known.
14 Which of the following is a primary source of information?
15 APA in full is?
16 Which of the following study design is employed in testing hypothesis?
17 Information included in consent form includes
18 A study design to be used when little information is known about the topic and when there is need to generate new hypothesis is?
19. Which of the following research designs typically offers the strongest evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship?
20. Which of the following statements about quasi-experimental designs is FALSE?
SECTION B
21. A variable used to describe or measure a problem under a study is called. ............
22. A variable that can be measured numerically is called. ............
23. ............ is the data collected on different elements at the same point in time or for the same period of time
24. A sampling drawn in such a way that each element of the population has a chance of being selected is called ............
25. ............ is a value of a variable for an element.
26. ............ relies on arranging the target population according to some ordering scheme and then selecting the elements at regular intervals through that ordered list.
27. An example of a two stage sampling is...........
28. In a quota sampling the selection of the sample is ............
29. A variable which may be associated with the problem and also the cause of the problem is called ............
30. A type of data that cannot be scaled and there is no ranking order in the category is called ............
Section B: Short Essay Questions
31. a) Define sampling (02mks)
Sampling is the process of selecting a smaller group (sample) from a larger group (population) to collect data and draw conclusions about the entire population.
31. b) List three factors that influence sample representatives (03mks)
- The sampling method used (probability methods increase representativeness).
- The size of the sample (larger samples are generally more representative).
- The variability within the population (more diverse populations require larger samples).
- The quality of the sampling frame (a complete and accurate list of the population).
32a) Define cross section study design (02mks)
A cross-sectional study design involves collecting data from a population or a subset of a population at a single point in time to examine the prevalence of characteristics, attitudes, or behaviours.
32c) Mention three disadvantages of experimental study design (03mks)
- Can be artificial and may not reflect real-world situations (low external validity).
- May be expensive and time-consuming to conduct.
- Can have ethical considerations, especially when manipulating variables that could harm participants.
- May not be feasible for studying certain research questions where manipulation is impossible or unethical.
Section C: Long Essay Question
33a) Define the term research design (02mks)
Research design is the overall plan or blueprint for conducting a research study. It outlines the procedures and strategies the researcher will use to collect, analyse, and interpret data to answer the research question and achieve the study objectives.
33b) Mention four importance of research design (04mks)
- Provides a structure and roadmap for the research process.
- Helps ensure that the data collected is relevant and appropriate for the research question.
- Enhances the validity and reliability of the study findings.
- Facilitates efficient use of resources (time, money, personnel).
- Helps in controlling extraneous variables and reducing bias.
- Guides the data analysis plan.
33c) Explain the different types of research designs (14mks)
Research designs can be broadly classified based on their purpose and the approach to data collection and analysis. Some common types include:
- Descriptive Designs:
Purpose: To describe the characteristics of a population, phenomenon, or situation. They answer questions like "what," "who," "where," and "when."
Explanation: These designs observe and report on existing conditions without manipulating variables or looking for cause-and-effect relationships. Examples include surveys, case studies, and observational studies that simply describe what is happening.
- Correlational Designs:
Purpose: To examine the relationship or association between two or more variables. They determine if variables change together, but not necessarily if one causes the other.
Explanation: These designs measure variables as they naturally occur and use statistical techniques to determine the strength and direction of the relationship (e.g., is there a link between hours of study and exam scores?).
- Quasi-Experimental Designs:
Purpose: To examine cause-and-effect relationships between variables, but without full control over extraneous variables, often due to the lack of random assignment to groups.
Explanation: Researchers manipulate an independent variable but cannot randomly assign participants to treatment and control groups (e.g., studying the impact of a new policy in different hospitals where assignment is not random). While they aim for causal inference, the lack of randomisation weakens the confidence in attributing the effect solely to the independent variable.
- Experimental Designs:
Purpose: To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables with a high degree of confidence.
Explanation: These designs involve manipulating an independent variable, randomly assigning participants to experimental and control groups, and controlling for extraneous variables. This allows researchers to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Examples include Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs).
- Exploratory Designs:
Purpose: To investigate a problem or situation where little is known, to gain initial understanding, and to generate ideas or hypotheses for future research.
Explanation: These designs are flexible and often use qualitative methods like interviews or focus groups to explore a topic in depth and develop a clearer picture of the problem. Case series can also be considered exploratory.
34a). Define the following terms
i) Referencing (2mks)
Referencing is the practice of acknowledging the sources of information, ideas, or words that you have used in your research by providing citations within the text and a full list of sources at the end of your work.
ii) Plagiarism (2mks)
Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's words, ideas, or work as your own without proper acknowledgment or citation, whether intentionally or unintentionally. [11, 14, 19, 24, 32]
34b) Explain two method used in referencing (4mks)
- In-text citations:This involves placing a brief note within the body of your paper whenever you use information from a source. This note typically includes the author's last name and the year of publication (e.g., Smith, 2020).
- Reference list and/or Bibliography:This is a comprehensive list at the end of your paper that provides full publication details for all the sources cited in your in-text citations. The format of this list depends on the specific referencing style being used (e.g., APA, MLA, Harvard).
34c) Explain five reasons why reference are given in research (10mks)
- To give credit to the original authors:It is an ethical obligation to acknowledge the intellectual contributions of others whose work has informed your research.
- To avoid plagiarism:Proper referencing ensures that you are not presenting someone else's ideas or words as if they are your own, which is academic dishonesty.
- To provide evidence for your claims:Citing sources supports your arguments and findings by showing that they are based on existing knowledge and evidence from credible sources.
- To allow readers to find the original sources:References provide readers with the necessary information to locate and consult the original materials you cited, enabling them to verify your interpretations and explore the topic further.
- To demonstrate the breadth of your research:A comprehensive reference list shows that you have conducted a thorough review of relevant literature and are aware of the existing research on your topic.
- To establish credibility and authority:Properly citing sources enhances the credibility of your own work by showing that it is built upon a foundation of established knowledge.
35a) Define data (2mks)
Data are the raw facts, figures, observations, or measurements collected during a research study that are used to answer research questions and test hypotheses.
35b) Explain two different sources of data (04mks)
- Primary Data Sources:This refers to data collected directly by the researcher for the specific purpose of their current study. Examples include data gathered through surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments conducted by the researcher. [4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 18, 21, 22]
- Secondary Data Sources:This refers to data that has already been collected by someone else for a purpose other than the current research. Examples include data from published research studies, government reports, census data, health records, and existing databases. [4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 18, 21, 22]
35c) Explain seven methods of data collection (14mks)
Researchers use various methods to collect data, depending on the research design, question, and the nature of the information needed. Seven common methods include:
- Surveys/Questionnaires:
Explanation: Using a set of written questions to gather information from a sample of individuals. These can be administered in person, by mail, phone, or online.
Use: Collecting quantitative or qualitative data on opinions, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours from a large number of people.
- Interviews:
Explanation: Directly asking questions to individuals to gather in-depth information. Interviews can be structured (predetermined questions), semi-structured (some flexibility), or unstructured (conversational).
Use: Collecting detailed qualitative data on experiences, perspectives, and motivations.
- Observations:
Explanation: Systematically watching and recording behaviours, events, or characteristics in a natural or controlled setting.
Use: Gathering data on how people behave, interact, or perform tasks without direct questioning.
- Focus Group Discussions (FGDs):
Explanation: Facilitating a discussion among a small group of people (typically 6-12) about a specific topic to gather their collective views, opinions, and experiences.
Use: Exploring a topic in depth, understanding different perspectives, and generating ideas.
- Document Analysis:
Explanation: Reviewing existing documents (e.g., reports, records, letters, policies, publications) to extract relevant information.
Use: Gathering historical data, understanding procedures, or analysing communication patterns.
- Experiments:
Explanation: Manipulating an independent variable under controlled conditions to observe its effect on a dependent variable.
Use: Establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
- Biophysical Methods:
Explanation: Using physiological or biological measurements to collect data (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, weight, temperature, lab results).
Use: Collecting objective physiological data.
- Case Studies:
Explanation: An in-depth examination of a single individual, group, event, or organization.
Use: Gaining a rich, detailed understanding of a specific case, often for exploration or hypothesis generation.
QUESTIONS SET BY NURSES REVISION STUDENTS THAT MADE THEM GET DISTINCTIONS
GROUP 5
Section A objectives
1. Operationalising variables means making them
2. Which of the following studies proves cause
3. Which category of study designs aims to investigate relationships and test hypotheses about the causes or risk factors associated with an identified problem?
4. Use of private information without permission from the author is called
5. Variables associated with problem are called
6. Which of the following data collection style is used to observe the behavior of the subjects?
7. Variables that cannot assume any numerical values are called
8. Research is referred to as empirical because......
9. Which of the following is NOT a type of probability sampling?
10. A written presentation of an intended research is referred to as
11. Which of the following tools is specifically designed to quantify phenomena?
12. The following are data collection techniques EXCEPT
13. When selecting a research topic, which of the following is typically NOT considered a primary factor?
14. In a standard quantitative research paper structure, which of the following sections is typically NOT found in the Methodology chapter (often Chapter 3)?
15. Which of the following data collection techniques is used in rural settings with communication problems?
16. Feasibility in research primarily concerns:
17. Which of the following represents a categorical variable rather than a continuous variable?
18. Which of the following researches does not favor cross sectional studies?
19. A study in which the entire population is studied is called.......
20. Which of the following method is used in central tendency?
Section A (II)
21. A variable that assumes a numerical value of a certain interval is called...........
22. Sample in which the elements of population has a chance to be selected is called. ............
23. A research type in which the values are presented in figure is called...........
24. A survey involving the whole population of a give area is called. ............
25. The values expressed in figures are termed as................figures.
26. The process of applying specific rules to develop measurements is called ............
27. A research that generates new knowledge and techniques is known as ............
28. ............ is a variable used to measure a problem under study
29. The process of presenting one's own previous work is called. ............
30. The tool that has guiding questions that help in interview is called. ............
Section B: Short Easy
31. Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative variables? (5mks)
- Quantitative Variables:
Definition: Variables that are numerical in nature and can be measured or counted.
Characteristics: Have numerical values, can be ordered, and the differences or ratios between values are meaningful. Can be discrete (whole numbers) or continuous (any value in a range).
Example: Age (in years), Weight (in kg), Height (in cm), Number of children.
- Qualitative Variables:
Definition: Variables that represent categories or qualities and are not numerical.
Characteristics: Values are labels or names for categories. They cannot be measured or counted in the same way as quantitative variables. Can be nominal (no order) or ordinal (ranked order).
Example: Gender (Male/Female), Marital Status (Single/Married/Divorced), Blood Type (A, B, AB, O), Level of Education (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary).
32. Define the following terms;
a) Variable. (2mks)
A variable is a characteristic, trait, or attribute that can vary or take on different values for different individuals, objects, or phenomena in a research study.
b) Dependent variable (2mks)
The dependent variable is the outcome variable or the variable being measured that is expected to change as a result of the independent variable or intervention. It represents the effect or the problem being studied.
c) Independent Variable. (1mks)
The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated, controlled, or observed to determine its effect on the dependent variable. It is presumed to be the cause or influence.
Section C: Long Essay
33a) explain the criteria for selecting a research topic? (10mks)
Choosing a good research topic is crucial for a successful study. Key criteria to consider include:
- Relevance and Significance:The topic should be important, timely, and address a real-world problem or a gap in existing knowledge. It should have potential to contribute to the field or benefit society.
- Feasibility:Can the research be realistically conducted? Consider factors like available time, budget, access to the target population or data, necessary skills, and equipment.
- Interest:The researcher should be genuinely interested in the topic. This interest will provide motivation throughout the often challenging research process.
- Novelty and Originality:While building on existing work is essential, a good topic offers a new perspective, explores an unstudied area, or provides fresh insights. Avoid topics that have been extensively researched unless there's a new angle.
- Ethical Considerations:The topic should allow the research to be conducted ethically, respecting the rights and well-being of participants and adhering to ethical guidelines.
- Clarity and Focus:The topic should be clearly defined and narrow enough to be manageable within the scope of the study. A vague or overly broad topic can lead to a disorganized and unfocused research.
- Availability of Resources:Ensure that necessary resources like literature, data sources, equipment, and potential supervisors (for student research) are accessible.
33b) Mention the various methods used in data collection. (10mks)
Various methods are used to collect data in research, chosen based on the research question, design, and the type of data needed:
- Surveys/Questionnaires:Written instruments with a set of questions completed by participants. Good for collecting data from large samples on attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and behaviours. Can be self-administered or interviewer-administered.
- Interviews:Direct verbal questioning of participants. Can be structured (following a strict script), semi-structured (using a guide but allowing flexibility), or unstructured (conversational). Useful for in-depth qualitative data and exploring complex issues.
- Observations:Systematically watching and recording behaviours, events, or characteristics in a specific setting. Can be participant (researcher is involved) or non-participant (researcher is an outsider). Useful for studying behaviour in natural settings.
- Focus Group Discussions (FGDs):Guided discussions with a small group of individuals to explore a specific topic and gather collective perspectives and interactions. Useful for exploring opinions and generating ideas.
- Document Analysis:Examining existing written or visual materials (e.g., medical records, reports, policies, media) to extract relevant information. Useful for historical research or understanding existing practices/information.
- Biophysical Methods:Collecting physiological data using equipment (e.g., measuring blood pressure, temperature, weight, or collecting biological samples for lab tests). Provides objective, quantitative data.
- Existing Data (Secondary Data):Using data that has already been collected by others (e.g., census data, national surveys, hospital records, published research). Time and cost-efficient but limited by the original purpose and quality of the data.
- Case Studies:While a design, it involves intensive data collection using multiple methods (interviews, documents, observations) to understand a single case in depth.
34a) Outline the contents of informed consent. (10mks)
An informed consent form is a crucial document that ensures participants understand the research and agree to participate voluntarily. Key contents typically include:
- Title of the Study:A clear and understandable title.
- Purpose of the Study:An explanation of why the research is being conducted.
- Description of Procedures:A detailed but easy-to-understand explanation of what participants will be asked to do, how long it will take, and where it will happen.
- Risks and Discomforts:A description of any potential physical, psychological, social, or economic risks or discomforts associated with participation.
- Benefits:An explanation of any potential direct benefits to the participant or indirect benefits to others or society.
- Confidentiality:How the participant's identity and the information they provide will be kept confidential or anonymous.
- Voluntary Participation:A clear statement that participation is voluntary and that refusal to participate or withdrawal at any time will not result in any penalty or loss of benefits they are otherwise entitled to.
- Rights of Participants:Information about who to contact if they have questions about the research or their rights as a participant.
- Contact Information:Names and contact details of the lead researcher and ethics review board.
- Signature and Date:Space for the participant's signature (or thumbprint) and the date, indicating they have read and understood the information and agree to participate. (Often also a space for the researcher's signature).
34b) Describe the various types of scales? (10mks)
Scales are used in research to measure variables by assigning values or labels based on specific rules. The type of scale determines the level of measurement and the type of statistical analysis that can be performed. Four common types of scales are:
- Nominal Scale:
Description: This is the lowest level of measurement. Data are placed into categories or groups with no inherent order or ranking. The numbers or labels assigned are purely for identification.
Examples: Gender (1=Male, 2=Female), Blood Type (A, B, AB, O), Marital Status (Single, Married, Divorced, Widowed).
Characteristics: Only allows for classification and counting frequencies within categories. Cannot perform mathematical operations like addition or subtraction.
- Ordinal Scale:
Description: Data are placed into categories that have a meaningful order or ranking, but the intervals between categories are not necessarily equal or known.
Examples: Education Level (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary), Pain Level (Mild, Moderate, Severe), Socioeconomic Status (Low, Medium, High).
Characteristics: Allows for ranking or ordering, but cannot measure the difference between ranks. Cannot perform mathematical operations like addition or subtraction in a meaningful way based on the ranks themselves.
- Interval Scale:
Description: Data are ordered, and the intervals between values are equal and meaningful. However, there is no true zero point; zero does not represent the complete absence of the attribute.
Examples: Temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit (0°C or 0°F does not mean no temperature), IQ scores.
Characteristics: Allows for calculating differences between values, but ratios are not meaningful because of the arbitrary zero. Can perform addition and subtraction.
- Ratio Scale:
Description: This is the highest level of measurement. Data are ordered, intervals between values are equal, and there is a true zero point, meaning zero represents the complete absence of the attribute.
Examples: Weight (in kg), Height (in cm), Age (in years), Income (in shillings), Number of children.
Characteristics: Allows for all mathematical operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Ratios are meaningful (e.g., 20 kg is twice as heavy as 10 kg).
35a). explain the ethical considerations during research conduction (16mks)
Ethical considerations are fundamental to conducting responsible and trustworthy research. Researchers must adhere to ethical principles and guidelines throughout the study process to protect participants and ensure the integrity of the research. Key ethical considerations include:
- Respect for Persons (Autonomy):
Explanation: Recognizing the dignity and autonomy of individuals. Participants should be treated as independent agents capable of making their own decisions. This includes the right to informed consent and the right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty.
Application: Providing clear and complete information about the study, ensuring participants understand the risks and benefits, and obtaining their voluntary agreement to participate.
- Beneficence:
Explanation: The obligation to maximize potential benefits and minimize potential harms to participants and society. Researchers must assess and balance the risks and benefits of the study.
Application: Carefully designing the study to minimise risks (physical, psychological, social, economic), ensuring the potential benefits outweigh the risks, and stopping the study if unexpected serious harms occur.
- Justice:
Explanation: Ensuring that the benefits and burdens of research are distributed fairly across the population. No group should be unfairly included or excluded, and vulnerable populations require special protection.
Application: Fair selection of participants, ensuring that the research does not exploit vulnerable groups, and ensuring that any benefits of the research are accessible to those who participated or could benefit.
- Confidentiality and Anonymity:
Explanation: Protecting the privacy of participants and the information they provide. Confidentiality means keeping participants' identities and data secret, while anonymity means the researcher does not collect identifying information at all.
Application: Using codes instead of names, storing data securely, reporting findings in a way that individuals cannot be identified, and destroying identifying information when no longer needed.
- Integrity and Honesty:
Explanation: Conducting research honestly and transparently. This includes accurately reporting methods and findings, avoiding fabrication or falsification of data, and acknowledging the work of others (avoiding plagiarism).
Application: Maintaining accurate records, reporting all findings (even those that don't support hypotheses), clearly describing methods so others can replicate the study, and properly citing all sources.
- Voluntary Participation and Right to Withdraw:
Explanation: Participants must freely choose to participate and be informed that they can leave the study at any point without negative consequences.
Application: Clearly stating this right in the consent form and respecting participants' decisions. Avoiding any form of coercion or undue pressure.
- Fair Treatment:
Explanation: Treating all participants fairly and equitably throughout the study process.
Application: Applying study procedures consistently, providing clear communication, and addressing participant concerns promptly and respectfully.
35b) Outline four advantages of using questionnaire (4mks)
- Can collect data from a large number of people relatively quickly and cheaply.
- Provides standardized data, making it easy to compare responses across participants.
- Can offer anonymity, which may encourage more honest responses on sensitive topics.
- Reduces interviewer bias as there is no direct interaction during completion.
- Easy to administer, especially for geographically dispersed populations (e.g., online surveys).
QUESTIONS SET BY NURSES REVISION STUDENTS THAT MADE THEM GET DISTINCTIONS
Group 6
Multiple questions
1 Which of the following study designs are commonly used?
2 Which of the following is the use of sampling method?
3 The following are study populations except;
4. Which of the following terms refers to a structure that guides a research study by outlining the key concepts, variables, and their relationships?
5. Which of the following is NOT a standard classification or type of variable in research?
6. Which of the following is NOT a recognized category of sampling methods in research?
7 Which of the following should be included in the research proposal?
8 What is the research design?
9 Which of the following is a required sample size in research study?
10 What is the main the role of supervisor
11 Which of the following factors affect high accuracy of findings of research
12 The quantitative research technique places value on?
13 If the study is “reliable” this means that;
14 Which of the following is used during data analysis
15. Which of the following elements is typically a core component of the research methodology section?
16 which of the following are the research tools during data collections?
17 During dissemination of results the following are considered except
18 Random sampling method includes the following except
19 Why is it important to have well formulated research questions?
20 During data management the following are done except
Filling in questions
21 A subset or part of population is...........
22 Characteristics or values in research methodology are...........
23 A large set of population to which the result will be generalized is refered to as ............
25 ............is the sampling procedure for selecting sample elements from a population
26 ............is the interested population that forms the respondents
27. The term used to refer to the overall plan or strategy for conducting a research study is the .................
28 APA format is ............
29 Data collection techniques are ............and ............
30 ............ is what the researcher is interested in finding out in the area of concern.
Short Essay
31 State 5 types of research designs
- Descriptive research design
- Correlational research design
- Experimental research design
- Quasi-experimental research design
- Exploratory research design
- Case study design
32 outline the 3 research tools that can be used in research study.
- Questionnaires/Survey forms
- Interview guides/schedules
- Observation checklists/forms
- Recording devices (e.g., cameras, audio recorders)
- Measuring instruments (e.g., scales, thermometers)
Long Essay
33 a) Describe the types of probability random sampling
Probability sampling methods involve random selection, ensuring that every member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being included in the sample. This allows researchers to make valid inferences about the population. Common types include:
- Simple Random Sampling:
Description: Every element in the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected. This can be done using a random number generator or drawing names from a hat.
Use: Suitable for homogenous populations or when a complete list of the population is available.
- Systematic Sampling:
Description: Selecting every k-th element from a list of the population, after a random starting point is chosen. The sampling interval (k) is determined by dividing the population size by the desired sample size.
Use: A simpler alternative to simple random sampling when a complete list is available.
- Stratified Random Sampling:
Description: Dividing the population into mutually exclusive subgroups (strata) based on relevant characteristics (e.g., age, gender, location) and then drawing a random sample from each stratum.
Use: Ensures representation of key subgroups in the sample and can improve precision.
- Cluster Sampling:
Description: Dividing the population into clusters (naturally occurring groups, e.g., schools, villages) and then randomly selecting a sample of clusters. All members within the selected clusters may be included, or a random sample can be drawn from within the selected clusters (multistage sampling).
Use: Efficient for large, geographically dispersed populations where a complete list of individuals is not available.
- Multistage Sampling:
Description: A more complex form of cluster sampling involving multiple stages of random selection. For example, first randomly selecting regions, then randomly selecting districts within those regions, and finally randomly selecting households within those districts.
Use: Used for large-scale surveys when populations are hierarchical.
33b) Mention 5 importance of research
- Generates new knowledge and understanding.
- Provides evidence for informed decision-making and practice.
- Helps solve problems and improve existing conditions.
- Contributes to the development of theories and frameworks.
- Allows for the evaluation of interventions and programs.
- Enhances critical thinking and analytical skills.
- Informs policy development and social change.
34 a) what is a research problem
A research problem is a clear statement about an issue, difficulty, or area of concern that needs to be investigated to gain a better understanding or find a solution. It's the foundation of a research study.
34 b) Give sources of research problem
- Personal experiences and observations
- Literature review (identifying gaps or inconsistencies)
- Theories (testing or extending)
- Discussions with experts or colleagues
- Previous research recommendations
- Practical problems in a specific setting
34 c) List the steps involved in formulating a research problem.
- Identify a broad area of interest.
- Narrow down the broad area to a specific topic.
- Identify a specific problem or gap within the topic.
- Review existing literature on the topic.
- Evaluate the problem for researchability and significance.
- Formulate a clear and concise research question(s).
- Develop research objectives.
- Write a problem statement.
35 a) Define data (2mks)
Data are the raw facts, figures, observations, or measurements collected during a research study that serve as the basis for analysis and interpretation.
35 b) Explain two different sources of data (04mks)
- Primary Sources:Data collected directly by the researcher for the specific purpose of their current study (e.g., through surveys, interviews, experiments). [4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 18, 21, 22]
- Secondary Sources:Data that has already been collected by someone else for a different purpose, which the researcher then uses (e.g., government reports, existing databases, published research). [4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 18, 21, 22]
35 c) Explain seven methods of data collection (14mks)
Methods for collecting data are the ways researchers gather information. Seven common methods include:
- Surveys/Questionnaires:Using written questions to collect data on attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors from a sample.
- Interviews:Asking questions verbally to individuals to gather in-depth information on their experiences or perspectives.
- Observations:Watching and recording behaviors or characteristics in a systematic way.
- Focus Group Discussions:Facilitating a group discussion to explore a topic and gather collective opinions and interactions.
- Document Analysis:Reviewing existing documents to extract relevant information.
- Biophysical Measures:Using equipment to collect physiological data (e.g., blood pressure, weight).
- Experiments:Collecting data by manipulating a variable and measuring the outcome under controlled conditions.
- Existing Data:Using data that has already been collected from other sources.
QUESTIONS SET BY NURSES REVISION STUDENTS THAT MADE THEM GET DISTINCTIONS
Group 7
Circle the most correct alternative
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true about a research problem?
2. The specific name given to the information that is collected during a research is known as
3. Which of the following is a set of continuous variables?
4. Which of the following statements about a histogram is NOT accurate?
5. Circle the odd man out
6. An independent variable in also known as
7. A research can be defined as
8. Which one of the following is an example of a dependent variable?
9. The following are verbs which are used when stating specific objectives except
10. Which of the following is a disadvantage of random sampling method?
11. The following are examples of scales of measurement of data except
12. The following are sources of data collection in a research
13. The following are disadvantages of focus group discussion except
14. The following are the types of validity except
15. Which one of the following is not an importance of reference?
16. Which one of the following are ethical requirements of a researcher?
17. Which of the following best describes plagiarism?
18. Which if the following has arbitrary zero?
19. APA in full means
20. The following are qualities of a good research topic except
Fill in the blank spaces
21. A label or name that represents a characteristic is known as...........
22. The best characteristic of a specific objective should be...........
23. The best method of sampling a big population through arranging the target population using some ordering scheme and then selecting the elements at regular intervals through that ordered list is known as ............
24. The data for research obtained from the previous census of the country is an example of ............
25. A collection of a well-organized data is called...........
26. The scale of measurement of data that has an absolute zero is ............
27. The number that appears most frequently among raw data is called ............
28. The type of questionnaire which enables the respondent to give detailed responses is called...........
29. The type of evaluation that helps a teacher to assess learners during the course of the study is known as ............
30. ............ is a qualitative research method where the researcher immerses themselves in a social setting or group to observe and interact with participants.
Short Essay
31. State five advantages of using a questionnaire as a method of data collection
- Cost-effective for collecting data from large samples.
- Can be administered relatively quickly.
- Provides anonymity, potentially leading to more honest responses on sensitive topics.
- Standardised questions ensure consistency across respondents.
- Reduces interviewer bias.
- Easy to analyse quantitative data collected.
32. Describe the two sources of data collection
- Primary Data Sources:These are sources from which the researcher collects data directly for their current study. This involves firsthand collection through methods like surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments. This data is original and gathered specifically to address the research question.
- Secondary Data Sources:These are sources of data that have already been collected by someone else for a purpose other than the researcher's current study. Examples include existing databases, government reports, published research articles, census data, and health records. Researchers use this data because it is readily available and can save time and resources, but they are limited by the original purpose and quality of the data.
33. Differentiate between basic and applied research
- Basic Research (Pure/Fundamental):
Purpose: Conducted to expand knowledge and theoretical understanding without immediate practical application in mind.
Goal: To discover new knowledge, develop theories, and explore fundamental principles.
Focus: Understanding underlying mechanisms and phenomena.
Outcome: Contribution to the general body of knowledge.
- Applied Research:
Purpose: Conducted to solve specific, practical problems and find solutions that can be applied directly to real-world situations.
Goal: To address a specific issue, improve a practice, or evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention.
Focus: Finding practical solutions to identified problems.
Outcome: Development of interventions, policies, or solutions with immediate applicability.
34. Describe the procedure of carrying out an action research
Action research is a cyclical process aimed at solving practical problems while also contributing to knowledge.
- Step 1: Identify the problem.This initial step involves recognizing a specific issue or area for improvement within a particular context or practice. It requires clearly defining the problem that the research aims to address.
- Step 2: Gather background information.Before taking action, it's crucial to understand the context of the problem. This step involves collecting relevant information, reviewing existing literature, and exploring different perspectives related to the identified problem.
- Step 3: Design the study.Based on the problem and background information, a plan is developed for how the action will be implemented and how data will be collected to assess its impact. This includes deciding on the research methods and strategies.
- Step 4: Collect data.This step involves implementing the planned actions and systematically gathering information about the process and outcomes. Various data collection techniques can be used depending on the nature of the research question and the context.
- Step 5: Analyze and interpret the data.Once the data is collected, it is analyzed to understand what happened as a result of the intervention. This involves making sense of the information and drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of the action and the nature of the problem.
- Step 6: Implement and share the findings.The final step involves putting the findings into practice by implementing further changes or strategies based on the analysis. It also includes sharing the results with relevant stakeholders to inform future actions and contribute to broader knowledge. This often leads back to identifying new problems or refining the initial one, continuing the cyclical nature of action research.
35. Outline four types of research designs
- Descriptive Research Design
- Correlational Research Design
- Experimental Research Design
- Quasi-Experimental Research Design
- Exploratory Research Design
- Case Study Design
36. Outline the steps of research process that are applied while conducting a study
The research process generally follows a series of sequential steps:
- Identify the Research Problem/Question:Pinpointing the issue or question that needs to be investigated.
- Review the Literature:Examining existing research and information related to the problem to understand what is already known and identify gaps.
- Formulate Objectives and Hypotheses:Clearly stating the specific goals of the study and forming testable predictions (hypotheses) about the relationships between variables.
- Choose the Research Design:Selecting the overall plan or strategy for conducting the study (e.g., experimental, descriptive).
- Define the Population and Sample:Identifying the group of interest and deciding how to select a representative subset (sample) to study.
- Select Data Collection Methods and Tools:Deciding how to collect the necessary information (e.g., surveys, interviews) and choosing the specific instruments to use (e.g., questionnaires, interview guides).
- Collect Data:Implementing the data collection plan to gather information from the sample.
- Process and Analyze Data:Organizing, cleaning, and applying appropriate statistical or qualitative techniques to analyse the collected data.
- Interpret Findings and Draw Conclusions:Making sense of the analysis results and forming conclusions related to the research objectives and hypotheses.
- Write the Research Report/Disseminate Findings:Presenting the study process and findings in a written report (e.g., thesis, paper) and sharing the results with relevant audiences.
Long Essay
37. a). What are the general characteristics of Experimental designs?
General characteristics of experimental designs, particularly true experiments, include:
- Manipulation of the Independent Variable:The researcher actively intervenes and changes or controls the independent variable (the presumed cause).
- Control Group:There is typically a comparison group that does not receive the intervention or receives a standard treatment. This helps to isolate the effect of the intervention.
- Random Assignment:Participants are randomly allocated to either the experimental group (receiving the intervention) or the control group. This helps to ensure that the groups are similar at the start of the study and reduces the influence of confounding variables.
- Control over Extraneous Variables:Researchers attempt to control for other factors that could influence the dependent variable, often through random assignment, random sampling, or controlling the research environment.
- Measurement of the Dependent Variable:The outcome variable (dependent variable) is measured to see if it is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.
- Establishment of Causality:Experimental designs are the strongest for determining cause-and-effect relationships because of the manipulation, control, and randomisation.
37. b). Explain four advantages of experimental designs.
- Strongest for Establishing Causality:Experimental designs, especially RCTs, provide the most convincing evidence of cause-and-effect relationships due to manipulation and control.
- High Internal Validity:Random assignment and control over extraneous variables help ensure that the observed effect is truly due to the independent variable.
- Allows for Replication:The controlled nature of experiments makes it easier for other researchers to replicate the study to verify the findings.
- Can Test Specific Interventions:Experiments are well-suited for evaluating the effectiveness of new treatments, programs, or interventions.
- Precise Measurement:Often involve precise measurement of variables.
37. c). what are the disadvantages of experimental designs?
- May be Artificial (Low External Validity):The controlled environment of an experiment may not reflect real-world conditions, making it difficult to generalise findings to other settings or populations.
- Ethical Considerations:Manipulating variables or withholding treatments can raise ethical concerns, especially in healthcare research.
- Costly and Time-Consuming:Designing and conducting rigorous experiments can require significant financial resources and time.
- Feasibility Issues:It may not be possible or ethical to manipulate certain variables (e.g., studying the effects of smoking through an experiment).
- Difficulty in Controlling All Extraneous Variables:Despite efforts, it can be challenging to control for every potential confounding factor.
38. a). Define the term research proposal.
A research proposal is a detailed written document that outlines the plan for a research study. It describes the research problem, objectives, literature review, methodology, expected outcomes, and timeline, serving as a roadmap for the research and a tool for seeking approval or funding.
38. b). State the different reasons for writing a research proposal.
- To provide a clear plan and roadmap for conducting the research study.
- To justify the need for the study and demonstrate its significance.
- To obtain approval from ethics committees, institutions, or supervisors.
- To secure funding or grants for the research.
- To clarify the research objectives, methods, and timeline for the researcher.
- To communicate the research plan to others and receive feedback.
38. c). What are the components of a research proposal?
The components of a research proposal are organized into four main COMPONENTS:
- Preliminary Pages:
- Title Page
- Declaration Page
- Abstract
- Copyright Page
- Authorization Page/Approval Page
- Dedication
- Preface or Acknowledgement (if applicable)
- Table of Contents
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Definition of terms
- Abbreviations
- Main Body:This typically consists of three chapters:
- Chapter One - Introduction:This chapter sets the stage for the research, introducing the topic, stating the problem, outlining the research questions and objectives, and highlighting the significance of the study.
- Chapter Two - Literature Review:This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of existing research related to the topic, demonstrating the researcher's understanding of the field and identifying gaps that the current study will address.
- Chapter Three - Methodology:This chapter details how the research will be conducted, including the research design, participants, sampling methods, data collection procedures and instruments, and data analysis plan.
- References:This section lists all the sources cited within the research proposal, following a specific citation style.
- Appendices:This section includes supplementary materials that are relevant to the proposal but not essential for the main text. Examples often include:
- Consent Form
- Research Work Plan
- Estimated Research Budget
- Questionnaire for Participants
- Sample Size Determination
QUESTIONS SET BY NURSES REVISION STUDENTS THAT MADE THEM GET DISTINCTIONS
Group 8
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following data collection methods is most suitable when the participants are illiterate?
2. The following are data collection techniques except
3. Which method would be the best in assessing practice?
4. The following are considered important factors that influence the quality and nature of research reporting, EXCEPT:
5. Under which circumstances do we use simple random sampling?
6. Which of the following sampling techniques involves dividing the population into groups and then randomly selecting some of these groups to be included in the sample?
7. ............ describes a sampling method where every element in the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected for the sample.
8. Data collected on quantitative variables is called ............
9. When multiple independent samples are drawn from a population and the analysis of each sample consistently yields similar results, this suggests the findings are likely to be:
10...........represents the whole population.
11. For the sample data of 10, 5, and 15, what is the mean?
12. Which of the following is NOT a common statistical method for presenting data visually?
13. Which of the following is a common tool used for collecting data directly from respondents?
14. Which of the following is an advantage of learning about different research methods?
15. One of this is a correct formula for calculating the mean......
16. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good research problem
17. Work pressure would increase work distress which in turn would increase drinking. In this case work distress is acting as?
18. Variables that can be measured on a numerical scale are known as
19. The major advantage of observation as a method of data collection is
20. The type of interview where the questions are specified and conducted in a questionnaire form is known as?
Fill in the right answer
21. An ............ is a form of questionnaire that is administered by a researcher or interviewer, rather than being completed by the respondent themselves.
22. A tool that is a more precise means of measuring phenomena than a questionnaire does is ............
23. There are basically two types of research. They include........... and ............
24. A census is...........
25. ............ ,and ............are types of scales
26. FGDs consist of ............ participants guided by ............
27. Plagiarism means...........
28. Selecting of a group from a population is called. ............
29. APA in full is...........
30. A wrong result that may result by chance is called. ............
Short Essay Questions
31. Write short notes on the following;
a) qualitative and quantitative research (5mks)
- Quantitative Research:Deals with numerical data and measurable variables. Aims to quantify relationships, test theories, and generalise findings to a larger population. Uses statistical analysis. Example: A survey measuring the average blood pressure in a community.
- Qualitative Research:Explores non-numerical data like words, descriptions, and meanings. Aims to understand experiences, perspectives, and social phenomena in depth. Uses methods like interviews and observations, analysed through interpretation of themes. Example: Interviews exploring patients' experiences of managing a chronic illness.
b) FDG (5mks)
FGD stands for Focused Group Discussion. It is a qualitative data collection method involving a small group of participants (typically 6-12) brought together to discuss a specific topic or set of questions. The discussion is guided by a trained facilitator who encourages interaction and the sharing of different viewpoints. FGDs are useful for exploring opinions, beliefs, attitudes, and gaining a deeper understanding of a topic from a group perspective.
32. a) Define a cross sectional study
A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that collects data from a population or a representative subset at a single point in time. It describes the characteristics of that population at that specific time and can examine the prevalence of a condition or the association between variables as they exist simultaneously.
32 b). State the advantages and disadvantages of a cross sectional study
Advantages of Cross-Sectional Study:
- Relatively quick and inexpensive to conduct compared to longitudinal studies.
- Can collect data from a large number of people.
- Useful for describing the prevalence of conditions or characteristics in a population.
- Can explore associations between multiple variables at one point in time.
- Does not involve long-term follow-up.
Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study:
- Cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships because exposure and outcome are measured simultaneously (cannot determine which came first).
- Susceptible to recall bias if asking about past exposures.
- Does not show changes over time.
- Cannot study rare diseases efficiently (need very large samples).
- Only provides a snapshot in time, which may not be representative of other times.
Long Essay Question
33. (a) Describe five different methods of data collection.
Researchers employ various methods to gather data for their studies. Five distinct methods include:
- Surveys using Questionnaires:
Description: Involves distributing a written set of questions to participants to gather information about their opinions, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, or behaviours. Can be administered in person, by mail, online, or via phone.
Use: Efficient for collecting data from large samples; provides standardized data; allows for anonymity.
- Interviews:
Description: Direct verbal communication between the researcher (interviewer) and the participant (interviewee). Can be structured (following a strict script), semi-structured (using a guide but with flexibility), or unstructured (conversational).
Use: Gathering in-depth qualitative data, exploring complex topics, suitable for illiterate participants, allows for clarification and probing.
- Observations:
Description: Systematically watching and recording behaviours, events, or characteristics in a natural or controlled setting. Can be overt (participants know they are being observed) or covert (participants are unaware).
Use: Collecting data on actual behaviour rather than self-report; useful when participants may not accurately report their behaviour.
- Focus Group Discussions (FGDs):
Description: A facilitated discussion among a small group (6-12) about a specific topic. The interaction between participants is a key source of data.
Use: Exploring a range of opinions and perspectives, understanding group norms and dynamics, generating ideas.
- Document Analysis:
Description: Examining existing written or visual materials relevant to the research question. This includes reports, medical records, policies, letters, diaries, photographs, etc.
Use: Accessing historical data, understanding past events or practices, analysing communication content.
- Biophysical Measures:
Description: Collecting physiological data from participants using equipment. This includes measurements like blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, weight, blood glucose levels, or laboratory test results.
Use: Obtaining objective, quantitative data on biological or physiological states.
33 b) What are the advantages of simulation type of data collection ?
Simulation as a data collection method involves creating a realistic scenario or model to mimic real-world conditions and collect data on how individuals or systems behave in that controlled environment. Advantages include:
- Control over Variables:Researchers have a high degree of control over the variables in a simulated environment, making it easier to isolate the effects of specific factors.
- Ethical Considerations:Can be used to study situations that would be too risky or unethical to replicate in real life (e.g., medical emergencies).
- Replicability:Simulations can be easily repeated with different participants or under varying conditions to check for consistency of results.
- Cost-Effective:Can be less expensive and time-consuming than conducting research in complex real-world settings.
- Measurement of Performance:Allows for objective measurement of performance and decision-making in specific scenarios.
- Training and Skill Assessment:Widely used for training healthcare professionals and assessing their skills in a safe environment.
34. (a) Define sampling ?
Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals, elements, or units from a larger population to participate in a research study. The selected subset is called a sample, and the goal is to obtain information about the entire population by studying the sample.
34 b) Explain 3 factors that influences sample reporting
When reporting the sample in a research study, several factors are important to include to allow readers to understand and evaluate the study's findings:
- Sampling Method:Clearly describing how the sample was selected (e.g., simple random sampling, convenience sampling, purposive sampling). This is crucial because the sampling method influences the representativeness of the sample and the generalisability of the findings.
- Sample Size:Reporting the total number of participants or units included in the final sample. The sample size affects the statistical power and precision of the study.
- Characteristics of the Sample:Describing the relevant demographic and other characteristics of the participants in the sample (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, educational level, clinical condition). This helps readers assess how well the sample represents the target population.
- Recruitment Procedure:Explaining how participants were recruited for the study (e.g., advertisements, invitations, referrals). This information is important for evaluating potential biases.
- Response Rate:In studies involving surveys or interviews, reporting the proportion of eligible participants who actually participated. A low response rate can introduce non-response bias.
34 c) Give 2 types of sampling methods
- Probability sampling
- Non-probability sampling
Within these broad categories, there are specific methods like simple random sampling, stratified sampling (under probability) and convenience sampling, quota sampling (under non-probability).
35. (a)define a variable
A variable is a characteristic, trait, or attribute that can vary or take on different values for different individuals, objects, or phenomena being studied. It is something that can be measured, observed, or manipulated in research.
35 b) explain two types of variables
Variables can be classified in various ways. Two common types are:
- Independent Variable:
Explanation: The variable that is manipulated, changed, or selected by the researcher to see if it has an effect on another variable. It's considered the presumed cause or influence.
Example: A new drug dosage being tested to see its effect on blood pressure.
- Dependent Variable:
Explanation: The variable that is measured or observed and is expected to change in response to the independent variable. It's considered the outcome or effect.
Example: Blood pressure, which is expected to change depending on the drug dosage.
Other pairs of variable types include Quantitative vs. Qualitative, Discrete vs. Continuous, etc.
35 c. A survey was conducted in Arapai market to find the level youth are involvement in business. Their age was follows; 20 ,25 ,30,22,28,20. Determine their;
Given ages: 20, 25, 30, 22, 28, 20
Arranged in order: 20, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30
Number of observations (n) = 6
a) Mean age
Mean = (Sum of ages) / (Number of ages)
Mean = (20 + 25 + 30 + 22 + 28 + 20) / 6
Mean = 145 / 6
Mean ≈ 24.17 years
b) Mode
Mode = The value that appears most frequently.
In the dataset, 20 appears twice, while other numbers appear once.
Mode = 20 years
c) Median
Median = The middle value when the data is arranged in order. Since there is an even number of observations (6), the median is the average of the two middle values (the 3rd and 4th values).
Ordered data: 20, 20,22,25, 28, 30
Median = (22 + 25) / 2
Median = 47 / 2
Median = 23.5 years
d) Variance
(Not for diploma, Chill)Variance = Σ(x - mean)² / (n - 1)
Mean = 24.17
(20 - 24.17)² = (-4.17)² ≈ 17.39
(20 - 24.17)² = (-4.17)² ≈ 17.39
(22 - 24.17)² = (-2.17)² ≈ 4.71
(25 - 24.17)² = (0.83)² ≈ 0.69
(28 - 24.17)² = (3.83)² ≈ 14.67
(30 - 24.17)² = (5.83)² ≈ 33.99
Sum of squared deviations ≈ 17.39 + 17.39 + 4.71 + 0.69 + 14.67 + 33.99 ≈ 88.84
Variance = 88.84 / (6 - 1) = 88.84 / 5 ≈ 17.77
Variance ≈ 17.77 years²
QUESTIONS SET BY NURSES REVISION STUDENTS THAT MADE THEM GET DISTINCTIONS
Group 9
Section A
1. The following are sources of research problems except
2.The major two types of research design are
3. Which of the following is generally NOT a primary factor influencing the choice of a sampling method in research?
4. Which of the following is the importance of sampling
5. The choice of data collection methods in research is primarily influenced by:
6. Which of the following is NOT a desirable quality of a good research topic?
7. Which of the following sets consists only of variables that are typically considered continuous?
8. The source of literature review is
9. Plagiarism refers to
10........... Is the best measure for central tendency of internal variable?
11...........is the best measure for central tendency of internal variable
12. APA in full is
13. Which of the following sampling techniques does not use sampling frame
14. Which of the following is an odd man out
15. Which of the following study design is NOT analytic in nature?
16. The following terms have similarity except
17. Which of the following is a notable disadvantage of using the mean as a measure of central tendency?
18. The following words are suitable for writing objectives except
19. The process of conducting scientific research ends with
20. Which of the following scales has an arbitrary zero
Section B. In these questions 21-30, fill in the correct answers
21. Data collected from different elements at the same point in time is called ............
22. ............is what the researcher is interested in finding out.
23. A sample is ............
24. ............ is a variable that occurs between dependent and independent variable.
25. A survey that includes every member of the population is called. ............
26. The number of respondents to get involved in the study is ............
27. A ............ Is characteristic of a person, object or phenomenon that can take on different values
28. ............is a non-probability version of stratified sampling
29. A type of research, such as exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory, is primarily determined by the ............ the researcher is trying to answer or address.
30. The ............ is a level of measurement where data can be ordered or ranked according to some characteristic, but the differences between the ranks are not necessarily equal or meaningful.
Section C. (short essay)
31. Explain why a cohort study design is often the preferred choice for investigating the effects of a rare exposure. Outline five advantages of using a cohort design in this context.
A cohort study design is particularly well-suited for studying the effects of a rare exposure because it begins by identifying individuals based on their exposure status – specifically, those who have experienced the rare exposure and a comparison group of those who have not been exposed. These groups are then followed forward in time to observe the development of the outcome of interest.
When an exposure is rare, it is often impractical or inefficient to start with individuals who have the outcome (as in a case-control study) and try to find enough cases who were exposed. This is because with a rare exposure, only a small proportion of individuals with the outcome would have been exposed. A case-control study in this scenario would require recruiting a very large number of cases to identify a sufficient number of exposed individuals, which can be costly and time-consuming.
In contrast, a cohort study allows researchers to directly recruit individuals known to have the rare exposure. By focusing on the exposed group from the outset, the study can efficiently track the incidence of the outcome within this specific, smaller population. This makes it a more feasible and powerful design for determining the risk of the outcome associated with the rare exposure, even if the outcome itself is common or relatively common within the exposed group.
advantages of using a cohort study design when studying a rare exposure:
- Efficient for Rare Exposures:As explained, it allows researchers to specifically recruit individuals with the rare exposure, making the study more efficient than trying to find exposed individuals among those with the outcome.
- Direct Measurement of Incidence:Cohort studies allow for the direct calculation of incidence rates (the rate of new cases of the outcome) in both the exposed and unexposed groups. This is a key measure of the risk associated with the exposure.
- Establishes Temporal Relationship:By following individuals forward in time, cohort studies clearly establish that the exposure occurred before the outcome, which is essential for inferring causality.
- Study of Multiple Outcomes:A single cohort study can be used to investigate multiple outcomes that may be associated with the rare exposure.
- Minimizes Recall Bias:Since information on exposure is collected at the beginning of the study, before the outcome occurs, there is less risk of recall bias compared to retrospective designs like case-control studies where participants are asked to recall past exposures after developing the outcome.
32. Outline the different examples of random sampling methods.
- Simple Random Sampling
- Systematic Random Sampling
- Stratified Random Sampling
- Cluster Sampling
- Multistage Sampling
Section D. (long essay)
33. a) what is a research proposal?
A research proposal is a written document that serves as a detailed plan for a research study. It outlines the research problem, objectives, methodology, timeline, and expected outcomes, demonstrating the feasibility and significance of the planned research.
33. b) Describe the relevance of a research proposal.
The relevance of a research proposal lies in several aspects:
- Provides Direction:It serves as a roadmap for the researcher, guiding every step of the research process from start to finish.
- Justifies the Study:It explains why the research is important, what problem it addresses, and how it will contribute to existing knowledge or practice.
- Facilitates Approval:It is often required by ethics committees, academic institutions, or funding bodies to review and approve the planned research before it can be conducted.
- Secures Resources:A well-written proposal is essential for securing funding, grants, or other resources needed to carry out the study.
- Communicates the Plan:It clearly communicates the research plan to supervisors, colleagues, or potential collaborators, allowing for feedback and collaboration.
- Helps Refine the Study:The process of writing the proposal forces the researcher to think critically about all aspects of the study, helping to identify potential problems and refine the design.
33. c) List the key components typically included in a research proposal.
According to our curriculum, the components of a research proposal are structured into four main sections:
- Preliminary Pages:This section includes essential introductory elements such as the Title Page, Declaration Page, Abstract, Copyright Page, Authorization/Approval Page, Dedication, Preface or Acknowledgement (if applicable), Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables, Definition of Terms, and Abbreviations.
- Main Body:This is the core of the proposal and typically comprises three chapters:
- Chapter One - Introduction:This chapter introduces the research topic, clearly defines the problem statement, outlines the research questions and objectives, and discusses the significance and scope of the study.
- Chapter Two - Literature Review:This chapter provides a comprehensive review and synthesis of existing literature relevant to the research topic, demonstrating the foundation for the proposed study.
- Chapter Three - Methodology:This chapter details the research design, describes the study population and sampling methods, explains the data collection procedures and instruments to be used, and outlines the plan for data analysis.
- References:This section lists all the sources that have been cited within the research proposal, following a consistent citation style.
- Appendices:This section contains supplementary materials that support the proposal but are not included in the main body. Examples of items often found in the appendices include the Consent Form, Research Work Plan, Estimated Research Budget, Questionnaire for Participants, and Sample Size Determination calculations.
34. a) Define data
Data are the raw facts, figures, observations, or measurements collected during a research study that are used as the basis for analysis and interpretation to answer research questions.
34. b) Describe the scales data measurement
Scales of data measurement refer to the ways variables are measured, determining the type of information the numbers or categories represent and the statistical analyses that can be performed. The four main types are:
- Nominal Scale:Classifies data into categories with no order or ranking. Numbers are just labels. (e.g., Gender, Blood Type).
- Ordinal Scale:Classifies data into categories with a meaningful order or ranking, but unequal or unknown intervals between categories. (e.g., Pain Level, Education Level).
- Interval Scale:Orders data with equal and meaningful intervals between values, but has an arbitrary zero point. (e.g., Temperature in Celsius, IQ Scores).
- Ratio Scale:Orders data with equal and meaningful intervals and has a true zero point, indicating the complete absence of the attribute. (e.g., Weight, Height, Age, Income).
34. c) List the different methods of data collection
- Surveys (using questionnaires)
- Interviews
- Observations
- Focus Group Discussions
- Document Analysis
- Biophysical Measures
- Existing Data Sources (Secondary Data)
- Experiments (as a method to generate data)
- Case Studies (as a comprehensive approach using multiple methods)
35. a) define literature review
A literature review is a systematic examination and summary of existing published research, theories, and scholarly sources relevant to a specific research topic. Its purpose is to provide background information, identify what is already known, uncover gaps or inconsistencies in knowledge, and establish a theoretical or conceptual framework for the study.
35. b) Briefly explain the steps in formulating literature reviews
- Define the Scope and Objective:Clearly identify the research question or topic and the specific aspects you need to explore in the literature.
- Search for Relevant Literature:Use databases, search engines, and library resources to find books, journal articles, reports, and other relevant sources. Use keywords related to your topic.
- Critically Evaluate and Select Sources:Read the retrieved sources critically to assess their relevance, quality, and credibility. Select the most pertinent and high-quality sources.
- Organise and Synthesise the Literature:Group related studies together, identify themes, patterns, contradictions, and gaps in the literature. Do not just summarise each source individually, but synthesise the information to show relationships between studies.
- Write the Literature Review:Structure the review logically, often starting broad and narrowing down to your specific topic. Present the findings, analyse them critically, and highlight the gaps that your research will address.
- Cite Your Sources:Properly acknowledge all sources used according to a chosen citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Harvard).
Group 10
SECTION A
1. Methodology is ...... in the proposal?
2. Research methodology contains the following except?
3. APA in full is .......?
4. Which of the following sampling techniques doesn't use a sampling frame?
5. Research methodology is concerned with the following?
6. The following are non-random sampling methods except?
7. Failure of the respondent to answer the questionnaire, researcher can do the following?
8. Data is .......?
9...........is collecting data in numbers
10. The best research design used in short time studies is
11. The following are ethical considerations in research except
12. Which of the following is a method of data collection
13. The act of presenting someone else's work is known as
14. Cross sectional survey where the whole population is covered is known as
15. Which of the following method of probability sampling is appropriate where the population is scattered over a wide geographical are and no frame or list is available
16. Operationalizing variable is the process defined as
17. The following are stages of the sampling process except
18. Snowballing is
19. Independent variable is the one used to describe or measure
20. The following are factors that influence the population of interest except
SECTION B
21. ............is the selection of subject of individuals from within a stratified population to estimate characteristics of a population.
22. Choosing one case to study other cases and make generalization is...........
23. Information got from already published books, newspapers is...........
24. The type of data collected in numerical is ............
25. MLA in full is ............
26. Study that covers a total population is...........
27. Manipulation is when ............
28. ............pertains to treatment of information that has disclosed in relationship of trust and with the expectation that it will not be disclosed
29. ............are those used to describe or measure factors that are assumed to cause or at least influence the problem.
30. ............is a new method of nursing science.
Section B
31. Define nursing research? (2 marks)
Nursing research is a systematic and rigorous process of inquiry that aims to generate new knowledge and refine existing knowledge to improve nursing practice, education, administration, and healthcare outcomes for individuals, families, and communities.
31. b) Explain 3 the characteristics of experimental studies? (3marks)
- Manipulation: The researcher actively changes or controls the independent variable.
- Control: The researcher attempts to minimise the influence of extraneous variables.
- Randomization: Participants are randomly assigned to different groups (experimental and control).
32. A) Outline 5 misconduct of research that must be avoided? (2.5 marks)
- Fabrication (making up data or results)
- Falsification (manipulating data or results)
- Plagiarism (using someone else's work without credit)
- Failure to obtain informed consent
- Breach of confidentiality
- Conflict of interest (undisclosed)
- Selective reporting of findings (only reporting favourable results)
32. B) List the steps of sampling processes? (2.5 marks)
- Define the target population.
- Identify the accessible population.
- Select the sampling method.
- Determine the sample size.
- Implement the sampling plan (select the sample).
Section C
33. A)What are the features included in a consent form? (12 marks)
A comprehensive informed consent form should include several key features to ensure participants are fully informed before agreeing to participate in research:
- Title of the Study: Clearly stating the research project's title.
- Introduction/Purpose: Explaining the reason for the study in simple terms.
- Description of Procedures: Outlining exactly what the participant will be asked to do, including the duration and location of activities.
- Risks and Discomforts: Detailing any potential harm or discomfort the participant might experience.
- Benefits: Describing any potential direct benefits to the participant or broader benefits to society or knowledge.
- Confidentiality/Anonymity: Explaining how the participant's identity and data will be protected.
- Voluntary Participation: Stating clearly that participation is voluntary and they can withdraw at any time without penalty.
- Rights of Participants: Information about who to contact with questions about the research or their rights.
- Contact Information: Providing contact details for the researcher and the ethics review board.
- Statement of Understanding and Consent: A section where the participant confirms they have read and understood the information and agree to participate.
- Signature and Date: Space for the participant's signature (or thumbprint) and the date, and often the researcher's signature as well.
33. B) Make short notes on the following? (8marks)
Numerical variable:
Variables whose values are numbers, representing quantities that can be measured or counted. They have numerical meaning and can be used in mathematical calculations. Examples include age, weight, height, and income.
Categorical variable:
Variables whose values are categories or labels, representing qualities or attributes that cannot be measured numerically in the same way as quantitative variables. Examples include gender, marital status, blood type, and religion.
Dependable variable:
This is likely a misspelling of "Dependent variable." The dependent variable is the outcome variable in a study, which is measured or observed and is expected to change in response to the independent variable. It represents the effect or the problem being studied.
Independent variable:
The variable that is manipulated, controlled, or observed by the researcher to determine its effect on the dependent variable. It is presumed to be the cause or influence in a study.
34. Explain the various methods of data collection( 20marks)
Data collection methods are the ways researchers gather information for their study. Various methods exist, and the choice depends on the research question, design, and type of data needed:
- Surveys/Questionnaires: Using a structured set of written questions to collect data from a sample. Efficient for large groups, provides standardized data, allows anonymity.
- Interviews: Directly asking questions verbally to individuals. Can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. Useful for in-depth qualitative data, exploring complex issues, and with illiterate participants.
- Observations: Systematically watching and recording behaviours or events. Provides firsthand data on actual behaviour in natural or controlled settings.
- Focus Group Discussions (FGDs): Guided discussions with a small group to explore a topic and gather collective views and interactions. Useful for exploring opinions and generating ideas.
- Document Analysis: Examining existing documents (reports, records, publications) to extract relevant information. Useful for historical data and understanding existing practices.
- Biophysical Measures: Collecting physiological data using equipment (e.g., blood pressure, weight). Provides objective quantitative data.
- Existing Data: Using data previously collected by others (secondary data). Time and cost-efficient but limited by original purpose and quality.
- Experiments: Collecting data under controlled conditions where a variable is manipulated to observe its effect. Primarily used to establish cause-and-effect.
- Case Studies: An in-depth investigation of a single case, using multiple methods to gather comprehensive data.
35. Explain the following research designs
Research designs provide the overall plan for a study. Key types include:
Experimental study design:
Purpose: To establish cause-and-effect relationships. Involves manipulating an independent variable, having a control group, and typically using random assignment. Provides high internal validity but may be artificial.
Cross sectional study design:
Purpose: To describe the characteristics of a population or the prevalence of a condition at a single point in time. Data is collected from different individuals simultaneously. Quick and inexpensive but cannot establish causality or show change over time.
Longitudinal research designs:
Purpose: To study changes or developments over an extended period. Data is collected from the same individuals or groups at multiple points in time. Allows for examining trends and relationships over time but is time-consuming and expensive.
Case study design:
Purpose: To conduct an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, event, or organization. Uses multiple data collection methods to gain a rich understanding of the case. Useful for exploration and hypothesis generation but findings may not be generalisable.
Group 11
Multiple choice Question
1, The process of conducting scientific research ends with.......
2. The title of the research proposal is characterized by the following except
3. The first step in the process of conducting a scientific research is.....
4, The following words are suitable for starting objectives except.
5, In case study;
6, Which of the following is the odd man out
7, the following terms have similarities except
8, which of the following measures of central tendency is best to be used when having interval scale
9, ............is the best measures of central tendancy for norminal varieble
10...........is the best measure of central tendency for ordinal variable.
11, ............is the best measure of central tendency for interval variable
12, which of the following is ordering
13. A variable is
14 the information which is collected during the research process is known as
15, The independent variable is known as:
16, the dependent variable is known as
17. Which of the following study design is not analytical in nature?
18. APA in full
19. Which one is the primary source of information?
20, plagiarism refers to
Structured Question
21...........is the degree to which the conclusions can be appropriately applied to people and events outside the study.
22. The set of observations selected from the population is known as. ............
23...........is data about non numerical and non-countable characteristics of a population or sample.
24.The number of respondents to get involved in the study is...........
25. A paper and pencil data collection instrument that is completed by the study subject sis...........
26...........is the list of all sources that were consulted in writing the proposal.
27. The process of organ summarizing and making data clear and meaningful is...........
28...........is the most common score.
29...........is the intentional or unintentional presentation of someone's work.
30. A detailed written description of a proposed research study is referred to as ............
Short Essay Questions
31. Write short notes about the following (5 marks)
i. Probability sampling
Probability sampling is a type of sampling where every element in the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected for the sample. This is achieved through random selection methods. Probability sampling allows for the calculation of sampling error and the generalisation of findings from the sample to the population. Examples include simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
ii. Non probability sampling
Non-probability sampling is a type of sampling where the selection of elements from the population is not based on random chance. Some elements may have no chance of being included, and the probability of selection is unknown. Findings from non-probability samples are generally not generalisable to the population. Examples include convenience, quota, purposive, and snowball sampling.
32. Distinguish between qualitative data and quantitative data (5 marks)
- Qualitative Data:
Nature: Non-numerical, descriptive, based on qualities or characteristics.
Collection: Collected through methods like interviews, observations (narrative descriptions), and focus groups.
Analysis: Involves interpreting meanings, identifying themes, and understanding perspectives.
Purpose: To explore, understand experiences, and gain in-depth insights.
- Quantitative Data:
Nature: Numerical, measurable, based on quantities or amounts.
Collection: Collected through methods like surveys (with numerical responses), experiments (measurements), and existing numerical records.
Analysis: Involves statistical methods to describe data, test relationships, and make predictions.
Purpose: To measure, quantify, and test hypotheses; allows for statistical generalisation.
Long Essay Questions
33 a. What are the advantages of using a interview over questionnaire for collecting data (10 marks)
Using interviews instead of questionnaires for data collection offers several advantages, particularly for collecting rich and in-depth information:
- Ability to Probe and Clarify: Interviewers can ask follow-up questions based on the respondent's answers, clarify ambiguous responses, and explore topics in more detail, leading to richer data.
- Higher Response Rates: People may be more willing to participate in a personal interview (face-to-face or phone) than to fill out a questionnaire, especially if the topic is complex or sensitive.
- Suitable for Illiterate Participants: Interviews do not require literacy skills, making them suitable for collecting data from individuals who cannot read or write.
- Capture Non-Verbal Cues: In face-to-face interviews, the interviewer can observe non-verbal communication (body language, tone of voice) which can provide additional context and insights into the respondent's answers.
- Flexibility: Interviewers can adapt the questions or the order of questions based on the flow of the conversation, while questionnaires are typically fixed.
- Establish Rapport: Interviewers can build rapport with participants, which can encourage more open and honest communication, especially on sensitive topics.
- Less Missing Data: Interviewers can ensure that all relevant questions are answered, reducing the amount of missing data compared to self-administered questionnaires.
33 b. State five challenges that may be faced by the researcher during the study (10 marks)
- Recruitment Challenges: Difficulty in finding and recruiting enough eligible participants for the study, especially for specific or hard-to-reach populations.
- Data Collection Issues: Problems with the data collection process, such as low response rates to surveys, difficulty in conducting interviews in certain settings, or errors in recording observations.
- Maintaining Data Quality: Ensuring that the collected data is accurate, reliable, and complete, and dealing with missing or inconsistent data.
- Ethical Dilemmas: Facing situations where ethical principles conflict, requiring careful consideration and decision-making (e.g., balancing participant confidentiality with the need to report harm).
- Time and Resource Constraints: Managing the research project within the allocated time frame and budget, which can be challenging, especially with unexpected delays or costs.
- Analyzing Complex Data: Applying appropriate data analysis techniques, especially for large or complex datasets, and interpreting the findings accurately.
- Bias: Minimising the influence of researcher bias, participant bias, or selection bias on the study results.
- Gaining Access: Obtaining permission to conduct research in specific settings (e.g., hospitals, schools, communities).
34. a. Define the consent form (2 marks)
A consent form is a written document used in research to provide potential participants with essential information about the study, including its purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and their rights, to ensure they can make a voluntary and informed decision about whether to participate.
34 b. Outline 10 elements of a consent form (10 marks)
A comprehensive consent form should include the following elements:
- Title of the Study
- Purpose of the Study
- Background Information
- Description of Procedures
- Risks and Discomforts
- Benefits
- Confidentiality/Anonymity
- Voluntary Participation and Right to Withdraw
- Alternatives to Participation (if applicable)
- Compensation or Costs (if any)
- Rights of Participants and Contact Information (for questions and concerns)
- Statement of Understanding and Consent
- Signature and Date lines for Participant (and sometimes researcher/witness)
34 c. State the advantages of a consent form (8 marks)
- Ensures Ethical Conduct: Demonstrates respect for participant autonomy and the ethical principle of informed consent.
- Protects Participant Rights: Informs participants of their rights, including the right to voluntary participation and withdrawal.
- Provides Information: Ensures participants are fully informed about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits.
- Legal Protection: Serves as a legal document demonstrating that participants agreed to the research.
- Promotes Transparency: Encourages open communication between the researcher and participants.
- Builds Trust: The process of obtaining informed consent can help build trust between participants and the research team.
- Minimises Coercion: Clearly outlining voluntary participation reduces the likelihood of participants feeling pressured to join.
- Documents Agreement: Provides a record that the informed consent process took place and the participant agreed.
35. a. Define a research design (2 marks)
A research design is the overall plan or strategy for conducting a research study. It provides a framework that guides the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to address the research question and objectives.
35 b. Outline any four types of research design 18 marks)
Here are four types of research designs:
- Descriptive Research Design:
Purpose: To describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon. It focuses on answering questions like "what," "who," "where," and "when."
Characteristics: Does not involve manipulation of variables or establishing cause-and-effect. Often uses surveys, observations, and case studies to provide a detailed picture.
- Correlational Research Design:
Purpose: To examine the relationship or association between two or more variables as they naturally occur. It determines if variables change together.
Characteristics: Does not establish causality. Uses statistical techniques to measure the strength and direction of the relationship (correlation coefficient). Often involves surveys or analysis of existing data.
- Experimental Research Design:
Purpose: To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. The researcher manipulates an independent variable and observes its effect on a dependent variable.
Characteristics: Includes manipulation, a control group, and random assignment to groups. Provides high internal validity but may have lower external validity (generalizability).
- Quasi-Experimental Research Design:
Purpose: To examine cause-and-effect relationships but without the full control of a true experiment, often lacking random assignment.
Characteristics: Involves manipulation of an independent variable or comparison between groups, but participants are not randomly assigned. Has lower internal validity than experimental designs but is often more feasible in real-world settings.
- Exploratory Research Design:
Purpose: To investigate a problem or situation when little is known about it, to gain initial understanding and generate ideas or hypotheses for future research.
Characteristics: Flexible and unstructured approach. Often uses qualitative methods like interviews, focus groups, and case studies.
Group 12
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The following are the types of research methodologies except?
2. The following are the different types of research design except?
3. Operationalizing variable is the process defined as?
4. What is sampling?
5. The following are the stages of sampling process except?
6. Another name for Snow ball sampling is?
7. The research design that examines the relationship between exposure and outcome by examining population level data rather than individual level data is?
8. Which of the following is an example of research design referred to as observation under control studies?
9. A true experiment is characterized by the following properties except?
11. The following are examples of categorical variables except?
12. The detailed plan of how research will be conducted is referred to as?
13. The following are types of experimental design except?
14. The following are tools of data collection except?
15. Which of the following is a method of data collection?
16. The act of presenting the work of another author as if it's your own is referred to as?
17. A cross sectional survey where the whole population is covered is known as?
18. Which of the following method of probability sampling is appropriate where the population is scattered over a wide geographical area and no frame or list is available for sampling?
19. Research methodology contains the following except?
20. APA in full is?
Section 2: Fill in the Following Questions
21. Presenting the work of another author as if it's your own is known as? ............
22. The process where variables are made measurable and meaningful is called? ............
23. The crudest form of measure using a scaling technique is? ............
24. The overall plan for a research study is? ............
25.The process of selecting a sample from target population is? ............
26. The tool used to observe if a behavior has occurred or not and to assess the availability of items is? ............
27. A Subject is response to a survey instrument, such as a questionnaire or interview is a? ............
28. ............Is the technique that involves systematic selecting, watching and recording behavior and characteristics of living things, objects and phenomena.
29. Units of information are known as...........
30. The tool that has guiding questions which help the interviewer is...........
Section 3: Short Essay
31. Mention three tools used in data collection
- Questionnaire/Survey form
- Interview guide/schedule
- Observation checklist/form
- Measuring instruments (e.g., scales, thermometers)
- Recording devices (e.g., audio recorder, camera)
32. Outline three types of scales used in collecting data
- Nominal scale
- Ordinal scale
- Interval scale
- Ratio scale
Long Essay
33a. Define sampling
Sampling is the process of selecting a smaller group of individuals, elements, or units (called a sample) from a larger group (called a population) with the aim of gathering data from the sample and generalising the findings to the entire population.
33b. Outline the two ways of sampling
- Probability Sampling: Methods where every element in the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected for the sample, achieved through random selection. This allows for generalisation.
- Non-Probability Sampling: Methods where the selection of elements is not based on random chance, and the probability of selection is unknown. Findings are generally not generalisable to the population.
33c. Describe the sampling process
The sampling process typically involves the following steps:
- Define the Target Population: Clearly identify the entire group of individuals or units that the researcher is interested in studying.
- Identify the Accessible Population/Sampling Frame: Determine the portion of the target population that the researcher can realistically access and create a list or source from which the sample will be drawn (sampling frame), if applicable.
- Choose the Sampling Method: Select the appropriate probability or non-probability sampling technique based on the research question, design, population characteristics, and resources.
- Determine the Sample Size: Calculate or decide on the number of individuals or units to be included in the sample, considering factors like population variability, desired precision, and resources.
- Implement the Sampling Plan: Follow the chosen sampling method to select the actual individuals or units that will constitute the sample.
- Recruit Participants: Contact the selected individuals and obtain their consent to participate in the study.
34.Explain the following types of variables
- a. Dependent variable:
Definition: The variable that is measured or observed and is expected to change as a result of the independent variable. It represents the outcome or effect being studied.
Role: It is the variable that the researcher is trying to explain or predict.
- b. Independent variable:
Definition: The variable that is manipulated, controlled, or observed to determine its effect on the dependent variable. It is considered the presumed cause or influence.
Role: It is the variable that is thought to affect the dependent variable.
- c. Extraneous variable:
Definition: Variables other than the independent variable that could potentially influence the dependent variable. These are factors not directly being studied but could affect the outcome.
Role: They need to be controlled or accounted for to ensure that any observed effect is due to the independent variable and not other factors.
35a. What is data?
Data refers to the raw facts, figures, observations, or measurements collected during a research study. It is the information gathered by the researcher to answer the research question and test hypotheses.
35b. What is the main purpose of data collection in research?
The main purpose of data collection in research is to gather accurate and relevant information that can be used to answer the research question, test hypotheses, explore phenomena, and ultimately contribute to the understanding of the topic under study.
35c. Define the following terms;
- i) Quantitative data:
Definition: Data that is numerical in form and represents quantities or amounts that can be measured or counted.
Characteristics: Can be analysed using statistical methods.
- ii) Qualitative data:
Definition: Data that is non-numerical, consisting of descriptions, words, images, or symbols, representing qualities or characteristics.
Characteristics: Explores meanings, experiences, and perspectives; analysed through interpretation and identification of themes.
- iii) Nominal data:
Definition: Data that is classified into categories with no inherent order or ranking. The numbers or labels assigned are purely for identification.
Characteristics: Lowest level of measurement; allows only for counting frequencies within categories.
- iv) Dichotomous data:
Definition: A type of nominal data that has only two possible categories or values.
Examples: Yes/No, Male/Female, Present/Absent.
Group 13
SECTION A: Objectives Questions
1. Which of the following statements is the best description of a research?
2. The information that is collected during the research process is known as
3. A variable is
4. A dependent variable is also known as
5. The following statements are except
6. The independence variable is also known as
7. One of the following is not a characteristic of research objective?
8. Which of the following describes a conceptual scope?
9. APA in full is
10. Plagiarism refers to
11. The process of conducting scientific research ends with...........
12. Which of the following study designs is best employed in testing hypothesis?
13. Which of the following is odd man out?
14. The following terms have similarities except
15...........is NOT an advantage of mean.
16. Which of the following is true about descriptive statistics?
17. The following words are suitable for stating objectives except
18. The title of a study of a research proposal is characterized by following except
19. Information to be included in a consent form includes
20. Which of the following study design is most likely to have a higher internal validity?
Fill In Blank Spaces (10marks)
21. ............for nominal variable
22. Research done by Nurses is called...........
23. Weight, age, and height are...........variables
24. .Anonymity is defined as...........
25. Any numerical value that describes a characteristic of a sample is called...........
26. A sample is a set of observations selected from a...........
27. A population is defined as...........
28. A research proposal consists of...........chapters.
29. Variables are classified according to the...........and ............
30. A variable is...........
Answer Sections B and C in the answer booklets provided
Section B: Short Essay (10 marks)
31. a) Define the term statistics (2marks)
Statistics is the science of collecting, organising, summarising, analysing, and interpreting data. In research, statistics are numerical values calculated from data, such as means, percentages, or correlation coefficients, that describe the characteristics of a sample or population.
31. b) Outline the types of statistics (3marks)
- Descriptive Statistics: Used to summarise and describe the main features of a dataset (e.g., mean, median, mode, standard deviation, frequencies, percentages).
- Inferential Statistics: Used to make inferences or generalisations about a population based on data collected from a sample. This involves testing hypotheses and estimating population parameters.
32. State five (5) methods of data collection (5marks)
- Surveys (using questionnaires)
- Interviews (structured, semi-structured, unstructured)
- Observations (participant, non-participant)
- Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)
- Document Analysis
- Biophysical Measures
- Existing Data Sources (Secondary Data)
Section C: Long Essay (60 marks)
33. (a)Explain 5 different types of researches you know. (10marks)
Research can be classified in various ways. Here are five types:
- Basic Research:
Purpose: To expand fundamental knowledge and theoretical understanding without immediate practical application.
Example: Studying the basic mechanisms of a disease.
- Applied Research:
Purpose: To solve specific, practical problems and find solutions that can be applied directly to real-world situations.
Example: Testing the effectiveness of a new nursing intervention for wound care.
- Descriptive Research:
Purpose: To describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon. It answers questions like "what," "who," "where," and "when."
Example: A survey describing the prevalence of smoking among young adults.
- Correlational Research:
Purpose: To examine the relationship or association between two or more variables.
Example: Studying the relationship between stress levels and blood pressure.
- Experimental Research:
Purpose: To establish cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating an independent variable and controlling for others.
Example: A study comparing the effectiveness of two different pain management techniques.
- Qualitative Research:
Purpose: To explore and understand experiences, perspectives, and meanings using non-numerical data.
Example: Conducting interviews to understand patients' experiences of living with a chronic illness.
- Quantitative Research:
Purpose: To measure and analyse numerical data to test relationships and generalise findings.
Example: A study measuring the average length of hospital stay for patients with a specific condition.
33. (b) Explain the steps involved when conducting a scientific research. (10marks)
Conducting scientific research involves a systematic process with several key steps:
- Identify the Research Problem: Begin by identifying a clear and specific problem or question that needs to be investigated.
- Review the Literature: Conduct a thorough search and critical evaluation of existing research and information related to the problem to understand what is already known and identify gaps.
- Formulate Objectives and Hypotheses: Develop specific, measurable objectives that outline what the study aims to achieve, and formulate testable hypotheses (predictions) about the relationships between variables.
- Choose the Research Design: Select the appropriate overall plan or strategy for conducting the study (e.g., experimental, descriptive, qualitative).
- Define the Population and Sample: Identify the target population and determine how to select a representative sample to participate in the study.
- Select Data Collection Methods and Tools: Choose the methods (e.g., surveys, interviews, observation) and specific tools (e.g., questionnaires, interview guides) to collect the necessary data.
- Collect Data: Implement the data collection plan to gather information from the selected sample.
- Process and Analyze Data: Organize, clean, and apply appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques to the collected data.
- Interpret Findings and Draw Conclusions: Make sense of the analysis results, relate them back to the research objectives and hypotheses, and draw conclusions based on the evidence.
- Write the Research Report and Disseminate Findings: Prepare a written report (e.g., thesis, journal article) detailing the study process and findings, and share the results with relevant audiences through publications, presentations, or other means.
34. (a) What are the importance of research? (10marks)
Research is important for numerous reasons:
- Generates New Knowledge: Research is the primary way we discover new facts, principles, and understandings about the world around us.
- Provides Evidence for Practice: In fields like nursing, research provides the evidence base for effective and safe practice, guiding clinical decisions and interventions.
- Solves Problems: Research helps identify and understand problems and develops potential solutions to address them.
- Improves Existing Conditions: Findings from research can lead to improvements in various areas, such as healthcare delivery, education, and social programs.
- Contributes to Theory Development: Research helps build, test, and refine theories that explain phenomena.
- Evaluates Effectiveness: Research is used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, programs, and policies.
- Informs Policy and Decision-Making: Research findings provide essential information for policymakers and decision-makers in various sectors.
- Enhances Critical Thinking: Engaging in research develops critical thinking, analytical, and problem-solving skills.
- Advances Professions: Research contributes to the growth and development of professions by expanding their knowledge base and improving practices.
34. (b) What are the qualities of a hypothesis? (10marks)
A good hypothesis should possess several key qualities:
- Clear and Concise: It should be stated simply and directly, easy to understand.
- Testable: It must be possible to collect data and use empirical evidence to support or refute the hypothesis.
- Specific: It should clearly define the variables involved and the expected relationship between them.
- Measurable: The variables in the hypothesis should be capable of being measured.
- Consistent with Existing Knowledge: While a hypothesis can propose a new idea, it should generally be grounded in existing theory and research findings.
- Falsifiable: It must be possible to prove the hypothesis wrong through empirical testing.
- Predictive: It should make a prediction about the outcome or relationship between variables.
- Relevant: It should be related to the research problem and contribute to answering the research question.
35. (a) What is an interview? (2marks)
An interview is a method of data collection that involves direct verbal communication between a researcher (interviewer) and a participant (interviewee) to gather information about the participant's experiences, perspectives, knowledge, or beliefs.
35. (b) Explain the two types of interviews (4marks)
Interviews can be broadly classified into different types based on their structure:
- Structured Interview:
Description: The interviewer uses a predetermined set of questions asked in a fixed order to all participants. It is similar to an orally administered questionnaire.
Use: Collecting standardized quantitative data; ensures consistency across interviews.
- Unstructured Interview:
Description: The interviewer has a general topic or a few broad questions but no fixed set of questions or order. The conversation flows more naturally, like a casual discussion.
Use: Exploring a topic in depth, gaining rich qualitative data, understanding individual perspectives and experiences.
- Semi-structured Interview: (Often considered a third type, but not explicitly asked for as two)
Description: The interviewer uses an interview guide with a list of topics or questions but has the flexibility to probe, ask follow-up questions, and change the order based on the participant's responses.
Use: Provides both structure and flexibility, allowing for both specific information and in-depth exploration.
35. (c) Outline the seven advantages and disadvantages of an interview. (14marks)
Advantages of Interviews:
- Allows for in-depth exploration of topics and complex issues.
- Can clarify questions and probe for more detailed responses.
- Suitable for illiterate participants.
- Higher response rates compared to some other methods (like mail surveys).
- Can capture non-verbal cues (in face-to-face interviews).
- Allows the interviewer to build rapport with the participant.
- Less likely to have missing data as the interviewer can ensure questions are answered.
- Can be used to study sensitive topics where written responses might be less comfortable.
Disadvantages of Interviews:
- Time-consuming and expensive to conduct, transcribe, and analyse.
- Potential for interviewer bias (interviewer's characteristics or behaviour influencing responses).
- Lack of anonymity (participants' identities are known to the interviewer).
- Data analysis can be complex, especially for qualitative interviews.
- Findings may not be generalisable to a larger population, especially with unstructured or small-sample interviews.
- Requires skilled interviewers.
- Transcription of interviews can be time-consuming and costly.
Group 14
Multiple choice questions (20 marks).
1. The process of conducting scientific research starts with......
2. Which of the following study designs is best employed in testing hypothesis
3. A study design that involves two independent variables against ONE dependent variable is;
4. Which of these is NOT a disadvantage of using mean as a measure;
5. Paraphrasing is defined as
6. Continuous variables include the following ;
7. Characteristics of a good research problem include the following except?
8. An instrument used in the Likerts scale usually consists of ............items
9. Steps taken to formulate a research problem are;
10. The following are examples of random sampling methods except;
11. Which of the following is the most commonly used referencing style;
12. Virtually, Plagiarism refers to;
13. When carrying out a research, the specific objectives should be;
14. Which of the following study design is not analytical in nature
15. Thematic differentiation scale designed to describe quantitative meaning of subject was developed by;
16. Appendices contain the following except;
17. A totality of observations under consideration is?
18. The correct citation of a reference with two authors is;
19. During data collection, personal communication is best considered when;
20. Which of the following methods are used during Qualitative data collection;
Fill in the following (10 marks)
21. ............is a summary of the whole research report.
22. A summarized plan of how a research study is to be conducted is called...........
23. ............is a systematic attempt in investigating phenomenon in order to generate facts
24. Time, Weight and ............are examples of continuous variables
25. The best method of teaching research is called...........
26. A statement to specify the level of acceptable performance in a research is called...........
27. Honesty, integrity and openness are examples of ............for researchers.
28. Cognitive domain bases on knowledge, psychomotor domain bases on skill while affective domain bases on...........of researchers.
29. ............is the process whereby a researcher chooses her sample
30. Summative evaluation is also known as...........
Short essay (10 marks)
31. Define the following terms
a) Evaluation (2 marks)
Evaluation is a systematic process of collecting and analysing data to make judgments about the worth or value of something, such as a program, intervention, or project. It involves assessing whether objectives have been met and informing decision-making.
b) Consent form (2 marks)
A consent form is a written document that provides potential research participants with essential information about a study, allowing them to make an informed and voluntary decision about whether to participate. It outlines the study's purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and participant rights.
c) Hypothesis (2 marks)
A hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a tentative explanation for a phenomenon that is proposed for empirical testing. [11, 31, 45, 47]
32. Outline the steps involved in formulating a research problem. (4 marks)
- Identify a broad area of interest.
- Narrow down the broad area to a specific topic.
- Review existing literature related to the topic.
- Identify a specific problem or gap in knowledge.
- Formulate a clear and concise research question.
- Develop research objectives.
Long essay (60 marks)
33. a) Define Research design (2 marks)
Research design is the overall plan or blueprint for conducting a research study. It outlines the procedures and strategies the researcher will use to collect, analyse, and interpret data to answer the research question and achieve the study objectives. [12, 18, 23, 38]
33. b) Explain the factors that influence choice of a research design. (8 marks)
The choice of research design is influenced by several factors:
- Research Question and Objectives: The type of question being asked (e.g., is it descriptive, looking for relationships, or establishing cause-and-effect?) is the primary driver of the design choice.
- Nature of the Phenomenon: The characteristics of what is being studied (e.g., is it a subjective experience, a measurable outcome, a historical event?) influence whether a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods approach and specific design are appropriate.
- Existing Knowledge: The amount of existing research on the topic influences whether an exploratory design (for little knowledge) or a more focused, hypothesis-testing design is needed.
- Feasibility: Practical considerations like available time, budget, resources, access to participants, and the researcher's skills and expertise constrain the possible designs.
- Ethical Considerations: Ethical implications of manipulating variables or involving vulnerable populations can limit the feasibility of certain experimental designs.
- Desired Level of Evidence: The strength of evidence required to answer the question (e.g., establishing causality vs. describing prevalence) guides the choice towards designs with higher internal validity (like experiments) or those suitable for descriptive purposes.
- Time Frame: Whether the study needs to capture a snapshot in time (cross-sectional) or changes over time (longitudinal) influences the design.
33. c) Explain three types of research designs you know. (10 marks)
Here are three common types of research designs:
- Descriptive Research Design:
Purpose: To describe the characteristics of a population, phenomenon, or situation as it exists. It answers questions like "what," "who," "where," and "when."
Explanation: These studies involve observing and reporting on existing conditions without manipulating variables or looking for cause-and-effect relationships. Examples include surveys describing the prevalence of a condition, observational studies describing behaviours, or case studies detailing a particular situation.
- Correlational Research Design:
Purpose: To examine the relationship or association between two or more variables. It determines if variables change together, but not if one causes the other.
Explanation: Researchers measure variables as they naturally occur and use statistical techniques to determine the strength and direction of the relationship. For example, a study examining the relationship between hours of sleep and academic performance.
- Experimental Research Design:
Purpose: To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. This is achieved by manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable while controlling for other factors.
Explanation: True experimental designs include manipulation, a control group, and random assignment of participants. This provides strong evidence for causality but may be artificial or ethically challenging in some contexts.
34. a) Explain why research is considered to be a science. (10 marks)
Research is considered a science because it embodies key characteristics and follows principles similar to those of scientific inquiry:
- Systematic Approach: Research follows a structured and organised process, moving through logical steps from problem identification to conclusion. This systematic nature ensures rigor and reduces bias.
- Empirical Basis: Scientific research is based on observable and measurable evidence collected from the real world through methods like observation, experiments, and surveys. Findings are derived from data, not speculation.
- Logical Reasoning: Research employs logical processes to interpret data and draw conclusions. It uses both deductive reasoning (testing theories) and inductive reasoning (developing theories from observations).
- Objectivity: Researchers strive for objectivity, aiming to minimise personal biases and subjective interpretations from influencing the study design, data collection, or analysis.
- Testability: Scientific research involves formulating testable questions or hypotheses that can be investigated and supported or refuted through empirical evidence.
- Replicability/Verifiability: The research methods and procedures are described in sufficient detail to allow other researchers to replicate the study and verify the findings.
- Building on Existing Knowledge: Research contributes to a cumulative body of knowledge by building upon, extending, or challenging existing theories and findings.
- Aim for Generalizability (in quantitative research): Quantitative research often aims to generate findings that can be applied or generalised to a larger population.
34. b) What are the characteristics of a good research topic? (4 marks)
- Relevant: Addresses an important problem or gap in knowledge that is significant to the field or society.
- Feasible: Can be realistically studied within the constraints of time, budget, resources, access to participants, and the researcher's skills.
- Clear and Specific: The topic is clearly defined and focused, not too broad or vague.
- Interesting: The topic is of genuine interest to the researcher, which helps maintain motivation throughout the study.
- Ethical: The research can be conducted in a way that respects ethical principles and protects participants.
- Novel: Offers a new perspective, explores an under-researched area, or confirms/challenges existing findings.
35. a) What is a research proposal
A research proposal is a detailed written plan that outlines the intended research study. It describes the research problem, objectives, literature review, methodology, expected outcomes, and timeline, serving as a blueprint for the research and a tool for seeking approval or funding. [38]
35. b) Outline 4 components of a research proposal. (8 marks)
- Introduction (including problem statement and significance)
- Literature Review
- Methodology (including research design, population, sample, data collection, data analysis)
- Research Objectives and Questions
- Ethical Considerations
- Timeline/Work Plan
- Budget (if applicable)
- References
35. c) Outline 6 reasons for writing a research proposal. (10 marks)
- To provide a clear plan and roadmap for conducting the research.
- To justify the need and significance of the study.
- To obtain ethical approval from review boards.
- To secure funding or grants.
- To clarify the research process for the researcher.
- To communicate the research plan to supervisors or peers for feedback.
- To demonstrate the researcher's understanding of the research process.
- To serve as a contract or agreement between the researcher and stakeholders.
Group 15
Multiple Choice Questions
1 Which of the following study designs is most likely to have internal higher validity?
2. The study design suitable to be used when the little information is known about the topic and when there is need to generate new hypothesis is?
3. A study design that involves two independent variables against one dependent variable is?
4. Which of the following study design is not analytical in nature?
5. The title of study of a research proposal is characterized by the following except.
6. Which one of the following is among the six tasks of a teacher?
7. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow's proposed a learning theory known as?
8. Identify one of the characteristics of a curriculum.
9. Which of the following teaching methods best suits the learners needs?
10. Which of the following is among the purposes of teaching aids?
11. Which of the following is an example of categorical data?
12. In the "statement the factors which influence the spread of mosquitoes in soroti nursing school” the independent variable is?
13. Which of the following is an example of nominal data?
14. Which of the following statements best describes a confounding variable?
15. The process of conducting scientific research ends with ..
16. What is self plagiarism?
17. In determining a research design, the researcher considers each of the following except?
18. Why is it important that personal data about research participants are kept within secure confidential records?
19. A simple random sample is one in which?
20. What effect does increasing the sample size have upon the sampling error?
Filling in Questions
21. Information collected during a study is called...........
22. A document written by a research that provides a detailed description of the proposed project is known as...........
23. A group of people that share a common characteristic experience are called...........
24...........Is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world rather of learners to acquire knowledge.
25. The type of data that is not scaled is known as...........
26. The term curriculum is derived from a "latin" word called...........
27...........is the type of curriculum agreed by the facility either implicity or explicity.
28...........is the principle of curriculum that involves the full participation of the learner.
29. The type of learners that are un involved due to a low level of self esteem and pessimism about being able to form productive relationship s with authority figures are known as...........
30...........is one of the types of evaluation used to monitor learning progress during instruction and to provide continuous feed back to both the learners and the teacher regarding learning success and failure.
Short Assay Questions
31. Write short notes on the two types of research.
The two main broad types of research are:
- Qualitative Research: This type of research explores and understands the meanings, experiences, and perspectives of individuals or groups. It deals with non-numerical data such as words, narratives, and observations. Qualitative research is often used to gain in-depth insights into complex phenomena and answer "how" or "why" questions. Methods include interviews, focus groups, and ethnographic studies.
- Quantitative Research: This type of research focuses on measuring and analysing numerical data to identify patterns, relationships, and generalise findings to a larger population. It aims to quantify variables and test hypotheses. Quantitative research is often used to answer "how much" or "how many" questions and determine cause-and-effect relationships. Methods include surveys, experiments, and analysis of existing numerical data.
32a) Outline the three types of curriculum
There are several ways to categorise curriculum. Three common types are:
- The Formal/Written Curriculum: This is the officially approved and documented curriculum, outlining the planned learning experiences, content, objectives, and evaluation methods. It is often found in syllabi, textbooks, and educational policies.
- The Taught/Implemented Curriculum: This is the curriculum as it is actually delivered by teachers in the classroom or learning environment. It can be influenced by the teacher's interpretation of the formal curriculum, their teaching style, and the needs of the learners.
- The Learned/Received Curriculum: This is the curriculum as it is actually learned and understood by the students. It represents what students take away from the learning experience, which may differ from what was intended in the formal or taught curriculum.
32b) Mention four characteristics of the curriculum.
- Organised: A curriculum is typically structured and organised logically, with content sequenced in a meaningful way.
- Planned: It is developed through a deliberate planning process, involving decisions about objectives, content, methods, and evaluation.
- Dynamic: A curriculum is not static; it should be flexible and adaptable to changing needs, knowledge, and contexts.
- Goal-Oriented: It is designed to achieve specific learning goals and objectives for the learners.
- Evaluated: A curriculum should be regularly evaluated to assess its effectiveness and identify areas for improvement.
- Reflects Society/Culture: A curriculum often reflects the values, knowledge, and needs of the society and culture in which it is implemented.
Long Essay Questions
33. Explain at least four principles of Learning (20 marks)
Learning is a complex process influenced by various factors. Several principles guide effective learning and teaching:
- Learning is Active: Learners construct knowledge and meaning through active engagement with the material, rather than passively receiving information. This involves doing, discussing, problem-solving, and reflecting.
- Learning is Cumulative and Sequential: New learning builds upon prior knowledge and experiences. Effective learning requires connecting new information to what is already known and often follows a logical sequence.
- Learning is Goal-Oriented: Learners are more motivated and effective when they have clear goals and understand the purpose of their learning. Setting specific, achievable goals helps direct their efforts.
- Learning Requires Practice and Feedback: Regular practice is essential for reinforcing learning and developing skills. Timely and constructive feedback helps learners understand their progress, identify areas for improvement, and correct misunderstandings.
- Learning is Enhanced by Motivation: Learners who are intrinsically motivated (driven by internal interest) or extrinsically motivated (driven by external rewards) are more likely to engage in the learning process and achieve better outcomes.
- Learning is Influenced by Context: The environment and context in which learning takes place significantly impact the process. A supportive, safe, and stimulating learning environment is conducive to effective learning.
- Learning Involves Social Interaction: Interaction with peers, teachers, and experts facilitates learning through discussion, collaboration, and the sharing of perspectives.
- Learning is Individualised: Learners have different styles, paces, and preferences. Effective teaching considers these individual differences and provides varied approaches to learning.
34. Explain two types of research designs (20 marks)
Here are two important types of research designs:
Experimental Research Design:
- Purpose: To establish a cause-and-effect relationship between an independent variable (the presumed cause) and a dependent variable (the outcome or effect).
- Characteristics: Involves the researcher actively manipulating or intervening with the independent variable. Includes a control group that does not receive the intervention for comparison. Typically uses random assignment to allocate participants to the experimental and control groups, which helps to ensure the groups are similar at the start and reduces the influence of extraneous variables. Aims for high internal validity, meaning the observed effect is likely due to the intervention.
- Strengths: Provides the strongest evidence for causality. Allows researchers to control for confounding factors.
- Limitations: Can be artificial and may not reflect real-world conditions (lower external validity). May be ethically challenging or not feasible for some research questions. Requires more control and resources.
- Example: A Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) comparing a new drug to a placebo to see its effect on a disease outcome.
Cross-Sectional Research Design:
- Purpose: To describe the characteristics of a population or the prevalence of a health issue at a single point in time. It captures a snapshot of the population.
- Characteristics: Data is collected from different individuals or units simultaneously or over a very short period. Does not involve manipulating variables or following participants over time. Can examine associations between variables as they exist at that moment.
- Strengths: Relatively quick, inexpensive, and easy to conduct. Useful for describing the prevalence of diseases, risk factors, or attitudes in a population. Can explore multiple variables at once.
- Limitations: Cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships because exposure and outcome are measured at the same time (cannot determine which came first). Does not show changes over time. Susceptible to recall bias if asking about past events. Not efficient for studying rare diseases.
- Example: A survey conducted on a specific day to determine the prevalence of smoking among high school students in a city.
35. Give the advantages and disadvantages of the following teaching aids (20 marks)
Teaching aids are resources used by teachers to help learners understand concepts more easily. Different teaching aids have their own pros and cons:
a) Chalk board
- Advantages:
Accessible and inexpensive.
Easy to use and requires no electricity or special equipment.
Allows for spontaneous writing and drawing, making it dynamic.
Provides a focal point for the class.
Can be used for interactive activities like brainstorming or problem-solving.
- Disadvantages:
Writing can be messy and hard to read.
Limited space for content.
Requires the teacher to have good handwriting and drawing skills.
Content is temporary and needs to be erased.
Dust from chalk can be an issue for some people.
b) Charts and modules
- Advantages:
Charts can present information visually (e.g., diagrams, graphs, posters), making it easier to understand complex concepts.
Charts can be prepared in advance, saving time during the lesson.
Modules provide structured, often self-paced, learning materials that learners can engage with independently.
Modules can cover content in a comprehensive and organised manner.
Can be reused with different groups of learners.
- Disadvantages:
Charts can be static and lack interactivity.
Creating high-quality charts and modules can be time-consuming and require resources.
Large charts can be difficult to transport and store.
Modules may require learners to have good reading and self-directed learning skills.
Modules may not allow for real-time interaction or clarification with a teacher.
Group 16
Objective Questions
1. Which of the following study designs is NOT analytical in nature?
2. The following are examples of probability sampling except;
3 APA in full is,
4 A study design that involves two independence variables against one dependent is?
5 A cohort study design is;
6 Which not the following is not true about Quasi-experimental designs
7 The researcher design applied depends on this except
8 the major types of research are;
9 Which one of the following is the new method of nursing science?
10 The minimum number of participants in sample size determination should be
11 The following is an example of categorical variable
12 Which one of the following is NOT a background variable?
13 Quality of research influences?
14 Which f the following is not considered when choosing a research design?
15 Variables that are expressed in numbers are referred to as?
16 Plagiarism refers to?
17 What is the term used for making variables measurable?
18 Ethical codes provide guide lines
19 Which of the following is a category of intervention studies?
20 Independent variable also known as?
Fill in the Blank Spaces
21 ............study considers subset of the population
22 Extraneous variable can also be termed as...........
23........... Studies are those that are exposed to the risk factor which is compared with the group of individuals not exposed to the risk factor
24 APA in full is...........
25.In ............there were four experimental projects that have been highly criticized
26...........is copying and pasting of someone's work without their permission.
27...........is raw information
28...........Is collecting data on numbers
29.If the cross sectional study covers the whole population, it is called...........
30...........is true about central tendency.
Short essay
31. List 5 various methods of data collection technique?
- Questionnaires/Surveys
- Interviews
- Observations
- Focus Group Discussions
- Document Analysis
- Biophysical Measures
- Using Existing Data
32. What is the criterion for selecting research topic?
The criteria for selecting a research topic include:
- Relevance: Is the topic important and does it address a significant problem or gap?
- Feasibility: Can the research be realistically conducted within available time, resources, and access?
- Interest: Is the topic genuinely interesting to the researcher?
- Novelty: Does the topic offer a new perspective or explore an unresearched area?
- Ethical Considerations: Can the research be conducted ethically, protecting participants?
- Availability of Data/Information: Is there enough existing information or potential to collect new data?
Long Essay
33. Define the following terms
I. Ethics:
Ethics refers to the moral principles and values that guide conduct. In research, ethics involves adhering to principles that protect participants, ensure honesty and integrity, and promote responsible conduct throughout the research process.
II. Code of ethics:
A code of ethics is a set of formal guidelines or rules that outline the expected standards of behaviour and conduct for members of a profession or organisation. Research codes of ethics provide specific principles and guidelines for researchers to follow to ensure ethical research practice.
33. b. Mention ten examples of code of ethics for researchers
Examples of ethical codes or principles for researchers include:
- Voluntary participation
- Informed consent
- Right to withdraw
- Protection from harm (physical, psychological, social, economic)
- Confidentiality
- Anonymity
- Privacy
- Honesty and integrity in conducting and reporting research
- Avoiding plagiarism
- Fair treatment of participants
- Objectivity
- Disclosure of conflicts of interest
- Responsible use of research findings
- Obtaining ethical approval
33. c. Explain the four ethical principles that govern human research
Four key ethical principles that govern human research, as outlined in documents like the Belmont Report, are:
- Respect for Persons (Autonomy):
Explanation: Recognising the dignity and autonomy of individuals. This principle requires that individuals be treated as independent agents capable of making their own decisions. It also includes protecting those with diminished autonomy (e.g., children, individuals with cognitive impairments).
Application: Ensuring voluntary participation, obtaining informed consent, and respecting participants' right to withdraw.
- Beneficence:
Explanation: The obligation to maximise potential benefits and minimise potential harms to participants and society. Researchers must assess and balance the risks and benefits of the study.
Application: Designing studies to minimise risks, evaluating the potential benefits, and stopping the study if risks outweigh benefits.
- Justice:
Explanation: Ensuring that the benefits and burdens of research are distributed fairly across the population. No group should be unfairly included or excluded, and vulnerable populations require special consideration and protection from exploitation.
Application: Fair selection of participants, ensuring equitable access to potential benefits of the research.
- Non-maleficence:
Explanation: The duty to do no harm. While closely related to beneficence (which includes minimising harm), non-maleficence specifically focuses on the obligation to avoid causing harm to participants.
Application: Taking precautions to prevent physical, psychological, social, or economic harm to participants during the study.
34. Explain the meaning of sampling?
Sampling is the process of selecting a smaller group of individuals, elements, or units, called a sample, from a larger group, called a population. The purpose of sampling is to collect data from this smaller group and use the information gathered to make inferences or draw conclusions about the characteristics of the entire population from which the sample was drawn. It is used when it is impractical or impossible to study every member of the population.
34. a) Mention three factors that influence sampling procedure?
- The research question and objectives.
- The characteristics of the population (size, accessibility, variability).
- The available resources (time, budget, personnel).
- The desired level of precision or accuracy.
- The research design.
34. b) When might you sample the entire population?
You might sample the entire population (conduct a census) when:
- The population is very small and manageable.
- The cost and time required to collect data from the entire population are reasonable.
- High accuracy is required for every member of the population.
- The study involves legal or administrative requirements to collect data from everyone.
- The characteristics of every single individual in the population are of specific interest.
35. Explain the sampling process?
The sampling process involves the steps taken to select a sample from a population. A typical process includes:
- Defining the Target Population: Clearly identifying the entire group of individuals or units to which the researcher wants to generalise the findings.
- Identifying the Accessible Population and Sampling Frame: Determining the portion of the target population that is accessible for the study and creating a list or source (sampling frame) of all elements in the accessible population, if a list-based probability sampling method is used.
- Choosing the Sampling Method: Selecting the appropriate probability (e.g., simple random, stratified, cluster) or non-probability (e.g., convenience, quota, purposive) sampling technique based on the research question, population, and resources.
- Determining the Sample Size: Deciding on the number of participants or units to include in the sample, often using sample size calculation formulas for quantitative studies.
- Implementing the Sampling Plan: Applying the chosen sampling method to select the actual individuals or units for the sample.
- Recruiting Participants: Contacting the selected individuals and obtaining their informed consent to participate in the study.
Group 17
Section A (each question carries one (1)mark)
1. Which one of the following is NOT considered when choosing a research design?
2.There are majorly ............. types of researches.
3. Which one of the following is the new method of Nursing science?
4. .............are the types of research whereby measurement and result are presented in figures.
5. The studies that involve systematic collections and presentations of data to give a clear picture of a situation are...........
6. Analytical studies include the following except
7. The minimum number of participants in sample size determination should be
8. The following are not characteristics of experimental studies
9. Ethical codes provide the following guideline
10. Which one of the following is a category of interventional studies?
11. Quality of research influences
12. Variables that are expressed in numbers are referred to as
13. The following are the examples of categorical variables
14. What is the term used for making variables measurable?
15. Which of the following is NOT a background variable?
16. Plagiarism refers to:
17. Plagiarism refers to:
18. An independent variable is also known as:
19. The independent variable is also known as:
20. Which of the following sampling techniques does NOT use a sampling frame?
Section B (each question carries one (1) mark each)
21 ............are the types of research whereby measurement and result are presented in figures.
22 ............is the raw information.
23 The scale designed to determine the opinion or attitude of a subject and contains a number of declarative statements with a scale after each subject is called...........
24 APA in full is...........
25 In the............there were 4 experimental projects that have been highly criticized.
26 If the cross-section study covers the whole population it is called...........
27 ............study considers a subset of the population.
28 Extraneous variable can also be termed as...........
29. ............studies are those that are exposed to the risk factor which is compared with the group of individuals not exposed to the risk factor.
30. ............is copying and pasting of someone's work without their permission.
Section C (10 marks each)
31. List the characteristics of experimental studies.
Characteristics of experimental studies include:
- Manipulation: The researcher actively changes or controls the independent variable.
- Control: The researcher attempts to minimise the influence of extraneous variables, often through control groups and controlled settings.
- Randomization: Participants are randomly assigned to different groups (experimental and control) to ensure comparability.
- Establishment of Causality: A primary goal is to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
- High Internal Validity: The design aims to ensure that the observed effect is truly due to the intervention.
32. Differentiate between experimental studies and quasi experimental.
- Experimental Studies (True Experiments):
Key Feature: Include random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups.
Control: Have a high degree of control over extraneous variables.
Internal Validity: High internal validity, providing strong evidence for causality.
Feasibility: May be less feasible or ethical in some real-world settings.
- Quasi-Experimental Studies:
Key Feature: Lack random assignment of participants to groups.
Control: Have less control over extraneous variables compared to true experiments.
Internal Validity: Lower internal validity than true experiments, making causal inferences more challenging.
Feasibility: Often more feasible to conduct in natural settings where random assignment is not possible.
Section D (60 marks each)
33 (a). Define validity and reliability of research instrument.
Validity of Research Instrument:
Validity refers to the extent to which a research instrument (e.g., questionnaire, scale) actually measures what it is intended to measure. A valid instrument accurately captures the concept or variable it is designed to assess. There are different types of validity, such as content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity.
Reliability of Research Instrument:
Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of a research instrument. A reliable instrument will produce consistent results if the same measurement is repeated under similar conditions. It indicates the extent to which the instrument is free from random error. Different types of reliability include test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency reliability.
33 (b). Explain the types of validity.
Here are some common types of validity for research instruments:
- Content Validity:
Explanation: The extent to which a measurement instrument covers all relevant aspects or dimensions of the concept being measured. It is often assessed by experts in the field.
Example: A test designed to measure knowledge of nursing ethics should cover all key areas of nursing ethics.
- Criterion-Related Validity:
Explanation: The extent to which scores on a measurement instrument are related to scores on some external criterion. It assesses how well the instrument predicts or correlates with another measure.
Types: Concurrent validity (instrument correlates with a criterion measured at the same time) and Predictive validity (instrument predicts a future criterion).
Example: A new depression scale has concurrent validity if its scores correlate highly with scores on an established depression scale administered at the same time. It has predictive validity if scores predict future diagnosis of depression.
- Construct Validity:
Explanation: The extent to which a measurement instrument accurately measures the theoretical construct or concept it is intended to measure. This is the most complex type of validity and involves gathering evidence over time.
Example: Developing and validating a scale to measure "job satisfaction" in nurses. Evidence for construct validity might come from showing that scores on the scale are related to other variables expected to be associated with job satisfaction (e.g., morale, turnover rates) and are not related to variables they should not be related to.
- Face Validity:
Explanation: The extent to which a measurement instrument appears, on the surface, to measure what it is supposed to measure. It is a subjective assessment by individuals who review the instrument.
Example: A questionnaire asking about symptoms of anxiety has face validity if it appears to someone reviewing it that the questions are indeed about anxiety.
34 (a). Define a variable.
A variable is a characteristic, trait, or attribute that can vary or take on different values for different individuals, objects, or phenomena being studied. It is something that can be measured, observed, or manipulated in research.
34 (b). Give 4 examples of a variable.
- Age (can vary in years)
- Gender (can vary between male and female)
- Blood Pressure (can vary in mmHg)
- Level of Education (can vary between primary, secondary, tertiary)
- Pain Score (can vary on a scale of 0-10)
- Marital Status (can vary between single, married, divorced)
34 (c). Differentiate between a numerical variable and a categorical variable with examples.
- Numerical Variable:
Definition: A variable whose values are numbers, representing quantities that can be measured or counted. Mathematical operations are meaningful.
Characteristics: Values have numerical meaning and can be ordered, and differences or ratios between values are meaningful. Can be discrete (whole numbers like number of children) or continuous (any value within a range like height).
Example: Age (measured in years), Weight (measured in kg), Number of hospital beds.
- Categorical Variable:
Definition: A variable whose values are categories or labels, representing qualities or attributes that cannot be measured numerically in the same way as quantitative variables. Numbers or labels are used for classification.
Characteristics: Values represent distinct groups with no inherent numerical meaning or order (nominal) or with a meaningful order but unequal intervals (ordinal).
Example: Gender (Male/Female), Blood Type (A, B, AB, O), Marital Status (Single, Married, Divorced), Level of Education (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary - ordinal).
35 (a). Define the following terms.
(i). Ethics:
Ethics refers to the moral principles and values that guide conduct and decision-making. In research, it involves adhering to standards of conduct that ensure the protection of participants, honesty in reporting, and responsible scientific practice.
(ii). Code of ethics:
A code of ethics is a formal set of rules or guidelines established by a profession or organisation to outline the expected ethical standards of behaviour and conduct for its members. Research codes of ethics provide specific guidance on how to conduct research ethically.
35 (b). Mention 10 examples of code of ethics for researchers.
Examples of ethical codes or principles for researchers include:
- Respect for autonomy (voluntary participation, informed consent)
- Beneficence (maximise benefits, minimise harm)
- Justice (fair distribution of risks and benefits)
- Confidentiality (protecting participant data)
- Anonymity (when possible, ensure no identification)
- Privacy (respecting participants' right to control information)
- Honesty in reporting data and results
- Integrity in conducting research
- Avoiding plagiarism
- Accuracy in data collection and analysis
- Transparency in methods and procedures
- Objectivity in interpreting findings
- Disclosure of conflicts of interest
- Responsible mentorship (for supervisors)
- Sharing research data (when appropriate and ethical)
35 (c). Explain the 4 ethical principles that govern human research.
The four main ethical principles that govern human research, stemming from the Belmont Report and widely accepted, are:
- Respect for Persons (Autonomy): Recognising individuals as autonomous agents with the right to make informed decisions about participating in research. This includes providing comprehensive information and obtaining voluntary consent. It also involves protecting those with diminished autonomy.
- Beneficence: The obligation to maximise potential benefits of the research for participants and society while minimising potential risks and harms. Researchers must carefully weigh the risks and benefits before conducting a study.
- Justice: Ensuring that the selection of research participants is fair and that the benefits and burdens of research are equitably distributed. Vulnerable populations should not be exploited, and research should address health disparities fairly.
- Non-maleficence: The duty to do no harm. This principle specifically emphasizes the responsibility of researchers to avoid causing physical, psychological, social, or economic harm to participants during the study. It is closely related to beneficence but focuses solely on preventing harm.
Group 18
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which shape should a research topic be written in
2. A research topic is defined as;
3. How many independent variables should a research topic have?
4. The following are the characteristics of a research topic EXCEPT
5. Random sampling methods include the following EXCЕРТ
6. Sampling method is the ............EXCEPT
7. The type of research that identifies, priorities problems and to design and evaluate policies and programs that could deliver the greatest health benefit making optimal use of available research
8. The following are types of quantitative study EXCЕРТ
9. Finding out something that you don't know is an example of;
10. Which of the following are the types of research designs
11. The following words are suitable for writing objectives EXCЕРТ
12. Research is mainly about
13. The following are words to use during literature review EXСЕРТ
14. Experimental intervention is different from all other quantitative study because;
15. The types of non random sampling methods include the following EXCEРТ
16. In choosing the method of data collection the following are important
17. The following are true about a questionnaire EXCEPT
18. In measurement of data, the scale which gives an absolute zero is
19. The following are characteristics of a questionnaire EXCЕРТ
20. Which of the following is true about specific objectives?
Fill in the Blank Spaces
21. ............is the procedure for selecting sample elements from a population
22. ............is the total of items in a set with relevant characteristics that a researcher needs
23. Hypothesis is the ............
24. ............in the study
25. Homogenous population consists of subjects with...........
26. The main aim of the Basic research is to ............
27. A check list is the ............
28. Information collected during a study is called ............
29. ............is the data collection technique that involves oral questioning either individually or as a group
30. Questions that a respondent can answer in a variety of ways are called ............
Short Essay
31. Define the following terms
a. Plagiarism:
Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's words, ideas, or work as your own without proper attribution or acknowledgment of the original source. It is a form of academic dishonesty.
b. Variable:
A variable is a characteristic, trait, or attribute that can take on different values or vary among individuals, objects, or phenomena being studied. It is something that is measured, observed, or manipulated in research.
c. Cross section data:
Cross-sectional data is data collected from different individuals, subjects, or entities at a single point in time or over a very short, defined period. It provides a snapshot of the characteristics of the population or phenomenon at that specific time.
d. Time series data:
Time series data is a collection of data points for a variable that are recorded at successive points in time, often at regular intervals. It allows for the analysis of trends, patterns, and changes in the variable over time.
e. Research:
Research is a systematic and rigorous process of inquiry that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to answer a question, solve a problem, or generate new knowledge and understanding about a phenomenon.
32. State 5 challenges faced by a researcher during a study on how you would overcome them
Researchers can face various challenges. Here are five common ones and potential ways to overcome them:
- Challenge: Recruitment of Participants
How to overcome: Develop clear recruitment strategies, offer incentives (ethically), build rapport with potential participants, use multiple recruitment channels, and pilot test recruitment methods.
- Challenge: Data Collection Issues (e.g., low response rate, incomplete data)
How to overcome: Design clear and easy-to-use data collection tools, provide clear instructions, follow up with participants, train data collectors well, pilot test tools, and have a plan for handling missing data during analysis.
- Challenge: Ethical Dilemmas
How to overcome: Anticipate potential ethical issues during the planning phase, consult with ethics review boards and experienced researchers, develop clear consent procedures, maintain confidentiality, and have a plan for addressing unexpected ethical concerns that may arise during the study.
- Challenge: Time and Resource Constraints
How to overcome: Develop a realistic timeline and budget during the planning phase, prioritise research activities, manage resources efficiently, and be prepared to adjust the scope of the study if necessary.
- Challenge: Data Analysis Complexity
How to overcome: Plan the data analysis strategy before collecting data, consult with a statistician or expert in qualitative analysis if needed, use appropriate software, and be prepared for unexpected findings during analysis.
Long Essay
33. a. Explain any five different types of research you know
Research can be categorised in various ways. Here are five types:
- Basic Research: Aims to expand fundamental knowledge and theoretical understanding without immediate practical application. Driven by intellectual curiosity.
- Applied Research: Conducted to solve specific, practical problems in the real world and find direct applications for the findings. Focuses on addressing identified issues.
- Descriptive Research: Describes the characteristics of a population, phenomenon, or situation as it exists. Answers "what," "who," "where," "when." Does not establish cause-and-effect.
- Correlational Research: Examines the relationship or association between two or more variables. Determines if variables change together but does not establish causality.
- Experimental Research: Aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating an independent variable and controlling for others. Includes manipulation, control, and randomisation in true experiments.
- Qualitative Research: Explores non-numerical data to understand experiences, perspectives, and meanings in depth. Uses methods like interviews and observations.
- Quantitative Research: Measures and analyses numerical data to identify patterns, relationships, and generalise findings. Uses methods like surveys and experiments.
33. b. Explain the steps involved when conducting a scientific research
Conducting scientific research typically follows a systematic process:
- Identifying the Research Problem: Pinpointing a clear issue or question that needs investigation.
- Reviewing the Literature: Examining existing research to understand the topic and identify gaps.
- Formulating Objectives and Hypotheses: Stating specific goals and testable predictions.
- Choosing the Research Design: Selecting the overall plan for the study.
- Defining the Population and Sample: Identifying the group of interest and selecting a representative subset.
- Selecting Data Collection Methods and Tools: Deciding how to gather data and what instruments to use.
- Collecting Data: Implementing the data collection plan.
- Processing and Analyzing Data: Organizing, cleaning, and applying statistical or qualitative techniques.
- Interpreting Findings and Drawing Conclusions: Making sense of results and relating them to objectives/hypotheses.
- Writing the Research Report and Disseminating Findings: Documenting the study and sharing results.
34. a. Explain why research is considered to be a science
Research is considered a science because it adheres to principles of scientific inquiry, including:
- Systematic Process: Follows a structured plan.
- Empirical Evidence: Based on observable and measurable data.
- Logical Reasoning: Uses logic to interpret data.
- Objectivity: Strives to minimise bias.
- Testability: Involves testing questions/hypotheses.
- Replicability: Can be repeated to verify findings.
- Builds Knowledge: Contributes to the cumulative body of knowledge.
34. b. What are the characteristics of a good research topic?
- Relevant and Significant
- Feasible
- Interesting
- Clear and Specific
- Ethical
- Novel
35. a. What is a research proposal
A research proposal is a detailed written plan outlining the intended research study, including the problem, objectives, methodology, timeline, and expected outcomes.
35. b. Describe the relevance of a research proposal
A research proposal is relevant because it provides a roadmap for the study, justifies its importance, facilitates ethical and institutional approvals, helps secure funding, and clarifies the research process for the researcher and others.
35. c. List the components of a research proposal
- Title Page
- Introduction (Problem Statement, Significance)
- Literature Review
- Research Objectives/Questions
- Methodology
- Ethical Considerations
- Timeline/Budget
- References
- Appendices
Group 19
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions
1. The following is the type of research EXCЕРТ
2. The following are the qualities of a research topic EXCЕРТ
3. Research is considered to be a science because of the following EXCEPT
4. What is a research problem
5. The written list of professional values and standards of conduct is called
6. ............is the act of expressing the same meaning of the same thing written using different words especially to achieve a greater clarity
7. The information collected during a research study is called.
8. The following must be included in the informed consent EXCЕРТ
9. Which of the following does NOT influence the sample size
10. Which of the following is NOT a criteria used in selecting a research problem
11. Obtaining informed consent from the respondent includes the following except
12. Below are the types of scaling used in research except
13. Which of the following is NOT a method used in data collection
14. ............is the term used to explain the most frequent appearing number in research statistics
15. Statistics is NOT defined as except.
16. Which of the following study design is the best employed in testing hypothesis?.
17. Which of the following study designs is most likely to have a higher internal validity?.
18. A survey that includes every member of a population is known as.
19. The tile of the study of research proposal has the following characteristics except?.
20. The first step in the process of conducting a scientific research is?.
Section B: Filling in Questions
21. The scientific process that validates and refines the existing knowledge and general new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences the nursing practice is called...........
22. The population that is being selected for study is called...........
23. A survey that includes every member of a population is known as...........
24. The population of subjects which consists of common characteristics referred to as ............
25. ............is when every individual in a population stands a chance of being selected.
26. ............refers to the act of expressing the same meaning of something written or spoken using different words to achieve greater clarity.
27. The tendency of presenting another one's work in research is called...........
28. The most frequent appearing number in statics is referred as...........
29. The variable that is measured in numbers and results present in figures is...........
30. A study where a group of individuals exposed to a risk is compared to a group which is not exposed to a risk is called...........
Section C: Short essay questions
31. a) Define sapling.
The term "sapling" is typically used in botany to refer to a young tree. In the context of research, if it's not a typo for "sampling," its meaning is unclear and likely irrelevant to research methodology. Assuming it is a typo:
*Assuming "sapling" is a typo for "sampling":*
Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals, elements, or units from a larger population to participate in a research study, with the aim of gathering data from the subset and making inferences about the entire population.
31. b) Mention four examples of probability sampling.
- Simple Random Sampling
- Systematic Random Sampling
- Stratified Random Sampling
- Cluster Sampling
- Multistage Sampling
32. Mention five reasons why sampling is important.
- Feasibility: It is often impossible or impractical to study every member of a large population.
- Cost-effective: Studying a sample is generally less expensive than conducting a census.
- Time-efficient: Collecting data from a sample is quicker than from an entire population.
- Accuracy: With proper techniques, sampling can provide accurate estimates of population characteristics.
- Access: The entire population may not be accessible, making sampling necessary from the accessible portion.
- Destructive Testing: In some cases, the measurement process destroys the unit, requiring sampling.
33. a) what is a research topic?
A research topic is the broad subject area or issue that the researcher is interested in investigating. It is the focus of the research study.
33. b) Mention eight (8) qualities of a good research topic.
- Relevant and Significant
- Feasible
- Interesting
- Clear and Specific
- Ethical
- Novel/Original
- Up to Date/Timely
- Availability of Resources (information, access)
- Manageable Scope
Section D: Long essay questions
34. a)What is literature review?
A literature review is a systematic and critical examination of existing published scholarly work (books, journal articles, reports, etc.) relevant to a specific research topic. It provides background information, identifies what is already known, highlights gaps or inconsistencies in knowledge, and helps to establish a theoretical or conceptual framework for the study.
34. b)Explain the importance of literature review.
Literature review is important for several reasons:
- Provides Background Information: Helps the researcher understand the context and history of the research problem.
- Identifies What is Already Known: Prevents duplication of research and builds upon existing knowledge.
- Highlights Gaps and Inconsistencies: Helps pinpoint areas that need further investigation, leading to the formulation of research questions.
- Informs Research Design: Provides insights into appropriate methodologies, data collection methods, and analysis techniques used in previous studies.
- Establishes Theoretical/Conceptual Framework: Helps the researcher ground their study in existing theories or concepts.
- Provides a Rationale for the Study: Demonstrates the need for the proposed research by showing what is missing or conflicting in the existing literature.
- Identifies Relevant Variables: Helps the researcher identify key variables and their relationships.
- Supports Arguments and Findings: Provides evidence from previous studies to support the researcher's claims and interpret their findings.
35. a)Define data collection.
Data collection is the systematic process of gathering information or observations related to the variables of interest in a research study. It involves using specific methods and tools to obtain the necessary data to answer the research question and test hypotheses.
35. b) Identify eight (8) tools used in data collection.
- Questionnaires/Survey forms
- Interview guides/schedules
- Observation checklists/forms
- Recording devices (e.g., audio recorders, cameras)
- Measuring instruments (e.g., scales, thermometers, stethoscopes)
- Biophysical equipment (e.g., blood pressure monitors, lab equipment)
- Consent forms (used in the process, though not collecting research data itself)
- Diaries or journals (kept by participants)
- Existing documents (used in document analysis)
35. c) Explain at least five (5) advantages and five (5) disadvantages of using a questionnaire as a tool for data collection.
Advantages of using a Questionnaire:
- Cost-effective: Can collect data from a large number of people relatively cheaply.
- Time-efficient: Can be administered quickly, especially online or mail surveys.
- Anonymity and Confidentiality: Can offer anonymity, which may encourage more honest responses on sensitive topics.
- Standardized: All respondents answer the same questions, making data analysis easier.
- Reduces Interviewer Bias: Eliminates the influence of an interviewer on responses.
- Convenience for Respondents: Participants can complete it at their own pace and time.
Disadvantages of using a Questionnaire:
- Limited Depth: May not allow for in-depth exploration of complex issues compared to interviews.
- No Opportunity for Clarification: Respondents cannot ask for clarification on questions they don't understand.
- Low Response Rates: Can suffer from low return rates, especially with mail or online surveys.
- Literacy Required: Not suitable for participants who cannot read or write.
- Cannot Observe Non-Verbal Cues: Misses out on valuable non-verbal information.
- Potential for Misinterpretation: Respondents might misinterpret questions without the opportunity for clarification.
- Difficult to Address Sensitive Topics: While anonymity helps, some sensitive topics might be better explored in a face-to-face setting.
Thanks for making reading easy and understandable