-
Significance of female urinary system in obstetrics
Significance of female urinary system in obstetrics The female urinary system is important in obstetrics because changes to the urinary tract during pregnancy can increase the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and other complications: UTIs: UTIs are the most common bacterial infection during pregnancy, affecting up to 18% of pregnancies. Hormonal and mechanical changes…
-
FETAL SCALP TISSUE AND THE ANATOMY OF THE INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE FETAL SKULL
FETAL SCALP TISSUE The scalp refers to the layers of skin and subcutaneous tissue that cover the bones of the cranial vault. This is a soft outer covering of the fetal skull. Structure of the Scalp Tissue Consists of five layers. The mnemonic ‘SCALP’ can be a useful way to remember the layers of the…
-
Fetal Circulation
FETAL CIRCULATION Fetal circulation is the process by which a fetus in utero receives nutrients and oxygen from the placenta for growth and development. In utero, the fetus relies on the placenta for respiration, nutrition, and excretion. The lungs are non-functional because they are sealed off by membranes, and blood from the placenta is already…
-
Placenta at Term
PLACENTA AT TERM Placenta is a temporary organ of vital communication between the mother and the fetus. Situation: It is situated in the upper posterior wall of the uterus before the third stage of labour. During the third stage of labour, it separates, descends, and is finally expelled. Shape: It is a flat, round mass.…
-
Fertilization and Embryology
EMBRYOLOGY Embryology is the study of embryo development. This includes the developmental process of a single-cell embryo to a baby. Embryogenesis is the process by which an embryo develops into a foetus. It begins when an ovum and sperm meet and fertilization(the union of the male gamete (sperm) and the female gamete (oocyte) to form…
-
Menstruation Cycle
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE The menstrual cycle is a sequence of events that occurs every 21-36 days in females after puberty, continuing throughout the childbearing years. Factors that Influence the Menstrual Cycle For a normal menstrual cycle to occur, the following components must be functioning properly: The Hypothalamus: Stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH),…
-
FEMALE BREAST (MAMMARY GLAND)
THE FEMALE BREAST (MAMMARY GLAND) Breasts are two accessory glands of the female reproductive system. Situation: They are situated on the anterior chest wall over the pectoralis major muscles between the 2nd and 6th rib and each extend from the sternum to the axilla forming the axillary tail. It\’s stabilized by the suspensory ligament. Shape:…
-
Pelvic Floor Muscles
The Perineal Body The perineal body is a small, pyramid-shaped mass made of muscles and fibrous tissue, located between the lower end of the rectum and the vagina. Size: It measures about 4 cm but can stretch significantly during the second stage of labor. Shape: It has a triangular shape, with the base being the…
-
Uterus, Fallopian tubes and Ovaries
THE NON-PREGNANT UTERUS The uterus is a hollow muscular organ of the female reproductive system where offspring gestate.A pear-shaped organ, the uterus lies posterior-superior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum in the female pelvis. It consists of the fundus (top), body (middle), and cervix (lower). The uterus is composed of the endometrium (inner…
-
PELVIC ASSESSMENT
Pelvic Assessment During Labor A mother who is pregnant for the second time (Gravida 2, Para 1+0) reports with labor pains. Your task is to perform an internal pelvic assessment and create a plan for the mode of delivery. Pelvic Assessment Pelvic assessment is a process to determine whether a mother’s pelvis is wide enough…
