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Cushing’s Syndrome
CUSHING’S SYNDROME Cushing’s syndrome results from secretion of excessive cortisol either in response to excess ACTH production by the pituitary tumors and adrenal adenoma or nodular hyperplasia. Cushing’s syndrome is simply defined as a hormonal disorder associated with excessive production of corticosteroids by the adrenal gland or the pituitary gland and/or prolonged use of corticosteroids. …
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Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma Pheochromocytoma is a tumor that produces excessive amounts of catecholamines, including adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Pheochromocytoma is a type of neuroendocrine tumor that grows from cells called chromaffin cells. These cells produce hormones needed for the body and are found in the adrenal glands. It is usually benign but can be malignant in…
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Addison’s disease (Adrenal insufficiency)
Addison’s Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency) Addison’s disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare disorder characterized by the insufficient production of hormones by the adrenal glands. Addison’s disease is a clinical condition characterized by adrenocorticotrophic hormone hyposecretion due to primary disease of the adrenal glands or secondary to pituitary gland disorder. The adrenal glands,…
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Dwarfism (Panhypopituitarism)
Dwarfism (Panhypopituitarism) Dwarfism is a medical condition characterized by short stature. It is defined as an adult height of 4 feet 10 inches (147 centimeters) or shorter. There are different types of dwarfism, which can be caused by various underlying factors. It is a condition characterized by the underproduction or deficiency of several hormones produced…
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Acromegaly & Gingatism (Hyperpituitarism)
Acromegaly/Gigantism (Hyperpituitarism) Acromegaly and Gigantism are conditions that result from hyperpituitarism, which is the excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary gland. Acromegaly and gigantism can also be referred to as hyperpituitarism and the most common cause is prolonged hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH), usually by a hormone-secreting pituitary tumour. As the tumour increases…
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Endocrine System
Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Endocrine System The endocrine system controls the growth of many tissues, like the bone and muscle, and the degree of metabolism of various tissues, which aids in the maintenance of the normal body temperature and normal mental functions. The endocrine system comprises glands and tissues that produce hormones for…
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Normal First Stage Of Labour
PHYSIOLOGY OF FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR: UTERINE ACTION Fundal dominance;Each uterine contraction starts from the fundus near the cornua and spreads across and down wards.The contraction lasts longer in the in the fundus where it is most intense but the peak is reached simultaneously over the whole uterus and the contractions fade from all parts…
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Labour
It is described as the process by which the fetus, placenta and membranes are expelled through the birth canal after 28 weeks of gestation.ORIt is defined as rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the uterine muscles with progressive effacement (thinning) and dilatation ( opening) of the cervix, leading to expulsion of the products of conception. Normal…
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Antenatal Care
This is a planned methodological care and supervision given to a pregnant woman by a midwife or obstetrician from the time the mother starts attending antenatal clinic until beginning of labour. Aims of antenatal care To monitor the progress of pregnancy in order to support maternal health and normal fetal development. To prepare the mother…
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Normal Pregnancy
Normal Pregnancy refers to growth and development of a fertilized ovum and begins from when the ovum is fertilized until the fetus is expelled from the uterus. Normally the fetus is expelled at term or 9 months or 40 weeks or 280 days.If the fetus is expelled before 28 weeks, it is called an abortion…
