Cystitis
CYSTITIS Cystitis is a lower lower urinary infection involving inflammation of the urinary bladder. Acute bacterial cystitis is common in women as the short urethra predisposes them to infection of the bladder. Causes of Cystitis Cystitis also arises when there is an obstruction to urine flow, disease inside the urinary bladder duct such as stones…
Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary Tract Infections are infections in any part of the urinary system, the kidneys, bladder or urethra. COMMON TERMS IN URINARY SYSTEM ProteinuriaDaily excretion of proteins in the urine more than 150mg. It signifies that the kidney is damaged/ perforated. HaematuriaMeans passing urine containing blood and is due to bleeding into the urinary tract. CrystaluriaPresence…
Anatomy and Physiology of the Renal System
Anatomy of the Renal System The urinary system is the main excretory system eliminating waste products from blood through urine. It’s anatomy consists of two kidneys, each joined to the bladder by the tube called ureter, which conveys urine from the kidneys to the bladder for storage. Following bladder contraction, urine isexpelled through the urethra.…
Immunization
Immunization Immunization is a process of deliberate inoculation of live attenuated or dead vaccines and toxoids to induce immunity against a specific disease. Immunization against a specific disease provides artificially acquired active immunity.Artificially acquired immunity against some diseases may require periodic booster injections to keep an adequate antibody level (or antibody titer) circulating in the…
Immunity
Immunity refers to the body’s ability to prevent the invasion of pathogens Pathogens are foreign disease-causing substances, such as bacteria and viruses, and people are exposed to them every day. Antigens are attached to the surface of pathogens and stimulate an immune response in the body. An immune response is the body’s defense system to…
Immunological Agents
Immunological Agents Immunological agents are a broad class of drugs that modify the immune system’s activity, either by enhancing or suppressing its function. They are like tools that help your immune system work better or differently. For example, vaccines help your body fight off specific diseases(enhancing) or autoimmune drugs treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune…
Thyrotoxicosis
THYROTOXICOSIS. Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Some, however, use the terms interchangeably Overactive thyroid, is called hyperthyreosis/Hyperthyroidism Anatomy of the Thyroid gland. The thyroid…
Wound Dressing
Wound dressing is a method of carrying out surgical dressing and operative treatment with an aim to prevent the entry of Micro organisms into the wound. Wound : A cut or break in the normal continuity of the skin or body structure internally or externally OR A wound is a cut or break in…
Self Study Question For Nurses and Midwives
PREPARATORY QUESTIONS FOR END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS SURGERY 1a) define the term epistaxis b) What are the causes of epistaxis? c) Write down the management of a patient presenting with epistaxis 2a) define a sty b) What are the causes of a sty? c) Outline the signs and symptoms of a sty 3 An adult…
