Cushing’s Syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome results from secretion of excessive cortisol either in response to excess ACTH production by the pituitary tumors and adrenal adenoma or nodular hyperplasia. OR Cushing’s syndrome is simply defined as a hormonal disorder associated with excessive production of corticosteroids by the adrenal gland or the pituitary gland and/or prolonged use of corticosteroids. …
Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma is a type of neuroendocrine tumor that grows from cells called chromaffin cells. These cells produce hormones needed for the body and are found in the adrenal glands. Pheochromocytomas are benign tumors of the chromaffin tissues arising from the adrenal glands or sympathetic ganglia along the spinal column. They secrete catecholamine like noradrenalin and adrenaline Clinical Presentation…
Addison’s disease (Adrenal insufficiency)
Addison’s disease Addison’s disease is a clinical condition characterized by adrenocorticotrophic hormone hyposecretion due to primary disease of the adrenal glands or secondary to pituitary gland disorder. It’s mostly idiopathic or auto immune but can occur in tuberculosis infection of the gland or obstruction by the adrenal tumor, metastasis / hemorrhage Pathophysiology Adrenal glands are…
Dwarfism (Panhypopituitarism)
Dwarfism is a condition of short stature. It is defined by the advocacy group Little People of America (LPA) as an adult height of 4 feet 10 inches or under, as a result of a medical or genetic condition. Although other groups may extend the criteria for certain forms of dwarfism to 5 feet, the…
Acromegaly & Gingatism (Hyperpituitarism)
Acromegaly and gigantism can also be referred to as hyperpituitarism and the most common cause is prolonged hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH), usually by a hormone-secreting pituitary tumour. The conditions are only occasionally due to excess growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) secreted by the hypothalamus. As the tumour increases in size, compression of nearby structures…
Endocrine System
REVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Endocrine system is a system of ductless glands, which secrete hormones that are pored in the blood stream to be transported to the target cells.The endocrine system is composed of the following Pituitary gland Parathyroid gland Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Tests and ovaries Hormones secreted by…
Normal First Stage Of Labour
PHYSIOLOGY OF FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR: UTERINE ACTION Fundal dominance;Each uterine contraction starts from the fundus near the cornua and spreads across and down wards.The contraction lasts longer in the in the fundus where it is most intense but the peak is reached simultaneously over the whole uterus and the contractions fade from all parts…
Labour
It is described as the process by which the fetus, placenta and membranes are expelled through the birth canal after 28 weeks of gestation.ORIt is defined as rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the uterine muscles with progressive effacement (thinning) and dilatation ( opening) of the cervix, leading to expulsion of the products of conception. Normal…
Antenatal Care
This is a planned methodological care and supervision given to a pregnant woman by a midwife or obstetrician from the time the mother starts attending antenatal clinic until beginning of labour. Aims of antenatal care To monitor the progress of pregnancy in order to support maternal health and normal fetal development. To prepare the mother…
Normal Pregnancy
Normal Pregnancy refers to growth and development of a fertilized ovum and begins from when the ovum is fertilized until the fetus is expelled from the uterus. Normally the fetus is expelled at term or 9 months or 40 weeks or 280 days.If the fetus is expelled before 28 weeks, it is called an abortion…
