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Complete Guide to Immunization Vaccines Vaccines are special preparations of antigenic materials designed to stimulate the development of antibodies and confer active immunity. Vaccination refers to the administration of a vaccine. Types of Vaccines: Live Attenuated Vaccines: These vaccines use live microorganisms that have been weakened (attenuated) so they can still replicate but do not…

Drugs Used in Anaesthesia Anaesthesia is defined as the absence of feelings, sensation, or pain. Anaesthetics are drugs that reduce or abolish sensation, affecting either the whole body (general anaesthetics) or a particular area or region (local anaesthetics). Local Anaesthetics Local anaesthetics provide brief periods of anaesthesia in a small localized area of the skin…

Drugs Used in the Treatment of Cancer Cancer is a disease characterized by a shift in the control mechanisms that govern cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation.  Uncontrolled multiplication of cells leads to the formation of tumors that may be benign or malignant. Benign tumors do not spread to other tissues, while malignant tumors do. Types…

Drugs Used in the Treatment of Obstetric and Gynecological Disorders Drugs for Menstrual Disorders The main disorders associated with menstruation that may require treatment include: Amenorrhoea Dysmenorrhoea Menorrhagia Premenstrual syndrome Menopause Amenorrhoea Amenorrhoea is the absence of menstruation. A break in menstruation of 6 months or more is considered pathological in an adult woman who…

Drugs Used in the Management of Central Nervous System Disorders Drugs Used in the Treatment of Depression Depression is a mental state characterized by diverse psychological symptoms such as low mood, loss of interest and enjoyment of activities, and reduced energy. Depression is associated with physical symptoms such as: Fatigue Anxiety Sleep disturbance Reduction in…

Endocrine and Metabolic Drugs Drugs Used in Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, altered metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, due to insulin deficiency or resistance. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is classified into two: Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes mellitus Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus This type…

Drugs Used in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders These drugs are used in the treatment of conditions such as: Hypertension Angina pectoris Heart failure Hyperlipidemia Arrhythmias Drugs Used in the Treatment of Hypertension Hypertension Hypertension is the persistent elevation of blood pressure higher than normal (140/90 mmHg). Common Terms Used in Hypertension Blood Pressure: This…

Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System Drugs used in the treatment of respiratory tract disorders include: Drugs for Asthma Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis Drugs for Cough Drugs for Common Cold and Flu Drugs Used in the Treatment of Asthma Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways characterized by inflammation and reversible bronchospasm. It is…

Medicines Acting on Specific Body Systems Medicines play a big role in modern healthcare, providing solutions to a wide range of diseases and disorders. The human body is a network of interconnected systems, each with its functions and challenges. To address these challenges, pharmacologists have developed drugs that act on specific body systems, ensuring targeted…

ANTIBIOTICS Antibiotics are chemical substances derived from microorganisms that either inhibit the growth of or destroy other microorganisms.  They are pivotal in combating bacterial infections and are divided into two primary categories: Bacteriostatic Antibiotics: Inhibit bacterial growth. Bactericidal Antibiotics: Directly kill bacteria. Classification of Antibiotics Antibiotics can be classified based on their: Mechanism of Action…