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Introduction To Palliative Care
Palliative Care Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and families facing the problem associated with life threating illness through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and assessment and treatment of pain and other problems which are physical , psychological and spiritual. WHO definition…
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Nephrotic and Nephritic syndromes
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME. Nephrotic syndrome, or nephrosis, is a constellation of symptoms characterized by nephrotic range, massive proteinuria, edema, and hypoalbuminemia with or without hyperlipidemia. MASSIVE Proteinuria >3.5g/24 hours Or spot urine protein: creatinine ratio >300 – 350 mg/mmol Hypoalbuminemia <25g/L, Edema,(Generalized edema is called Anasarca) And often: Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia (total cholesterol >10 mmol/L) Additionally, the…
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Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis (GN) Glomerulonephritis (GN) refers to a group of kidney diseases characterized primarily by inflammation and damage to the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units within the kidneys. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition of the kidneys characterized by increased permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier causing filtration of RBCs and proteins. While the primary site of…
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Renal Failure
RENAL FAILURE (Acute and Chronic) Renal failure refers to reduction in renal/kidney function. Renal failure, also known as kidney failure, describes a situation where the kidneys lose their ability to function adequately. This means they cannot effectively filter waste products from the blood, regulate electrolytes and fluids, or perform their essential endocrine functions. The term…
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Kidney Stones / Renal Calculi
Kidney Stones/Renal Calculi Kidney Stones are small, hard deposits of mineral and acid salts on the inner surfaces of the kidneys. They can also be defined as crystallized minerals around pus, blood or damaged tissues. Stones are classified by their location in the urinary system and their composition of crystals, they can also be called;…
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Cystitis
CYSTITIS Cystitis is a lower lower urinary infection involving inflammation of the urinary bladder. Acute bacterial cystitis is common in women as the short urethra predisposes them to infection of the bladder. Causes of Cystitis Cystitis also arises when there is an obstruction to urine flow, disease inside the urinary bladder duct such as stones…
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Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are bacterial infections that can occur in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. The most common cause of UTIs is the colonization of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) being the most frequently implicated pathogen. Other…
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Anatomy and Physiology of the Renal System
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RENAL SYSTEM The urinary system is the main excretory system eliminating waste products from blood through urine. Its anatomy consists of two kidneys, each joined to the bladder by the tube called ureter, which conveys urine from the kidneys to the bladder for storage. Following bladder contraction, urine is expelled…
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Immunization
Complete Guide to Immunization Immunization Immunization is a process of deliberate inoculation of live attenuated or dead vaccines and toxoids to induce immunity against a specific disease. Immunization against a specific disease provides artificially acquired active immunity. The principle of immunization is to increase specific immunity to infection by administration of either immune serum (passive…
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Immunity
Immunity and Antibodies – Complete Study Guide Introduction to Immunity Pathogens are foreign disease-causing substances, such as bacteria and viruses, and people are exposed to them every day. Antigens are attached to the surface of pathogens and stimulate an immune response in the body. An immune response is the body’s defense system to fight against…
