BNS 105: General & Systemic Pathology
GENERAL PATHOLOGY • MODULE 1
Cellular Injury, Adaptations & Genetic Disorders
Concepts, Injury & Cell Death
- Subtopic: Definitions of Pathology, Key Concepts & Clinical Nursing Applications
- Subtopic: Etiology and Biochemical Mechanisms of Reversible & Irreversible Cell Injury
- Subtopic: Morphological Types of Necrosis: Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, Gangrenous & Fat Necrosis
- Subtopic: Apoptosis: Physiological vs. Pathological Mechanisms & Death Receptor Pathways
Cellular Adaptations & Intracellular Accumulations
- Subtopic: Cellular Adaptations of Growth & Differentiation: Hypertrophy & Hyperplasia
- Subtopic: Cellular Adaptations: Atrophy, Hypoplasia, Aplasia & Metaplasia
- Subtopic: Intracellular Accumulations: Lipids (Steatosis), Proteins, Glycogen & Pigments
- Subtopic: Pathological Calcifications: Dystrophic Calcification vs. Metastatic Calcification
Genetic & Chromosomal Pathology
- Subtopic: Patterns of Inheritance: Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive & X-Linked Disorders
- Subtopic: Chromosomal Aneuploidies: Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) Cytogenetics & Pathology
- Subtopic: Sex Chromosome Disorders: Klinefelter's Syndrome (47, XXY) & Turner's Syndrome (45, X)
- Subtopic: Multifactorial & Single-Gene Mutation Syndromes
GENERAL PATHOLOGY • MODULE 2
Inflammation, Hemodynamic Disorders & Wound Healing
Acute & Chronic Inflammation
- Subtopic: Acute Inflammation: Vascular Changes, Permeability & Leukocyte Recruitment
- Subtopic: Chemical Mediators of Acute Inflammation: Vasoactive Amines, Cytokines & Complement
- Subtopic: Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation: Serous, Fibrinous, Purulent/Suppurative & Ulcers
- Subtopic: Chronic Inflammation: Cellular Infiltrates (Macrophage, Lymphocyte, Plasma Cell)
- Subtopic: Granulomatous Inflammation: Epitheloid Cells, Giant Cells & Caseating/Non-Caseating Granulomas
Hemodynamic Disorders & Thromboembolism
- Subtopic: Pathogenesis of Edema, Hyperemia, Congestion & Hemorrhage
- Subtopic: Thrombosis: Virchow’s Triad, Thrombus Fate & Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- Subtopic: Embolism: Pulmonary, Systemic Thromboembolism, Fat, Air & Amniotic Fluid Emboli
- Subtopic: Infarction: Pathogenesis, Morphology of White (Pale) vs. Red (Hemorrhagic) Infarctions
- Subtopic: Pathophysiology of Shock: Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Septic, Anaphylactic & Neurogenic
Tissue Repair, Regeneration & Healing
- Subtopic: Tissue Proliferative Capacity: Labile, Stable & Permanent Cells
- Subtopic: Wound Healing: Primary Intention (First Intention) vs. Secondary Intention
- Subtopic: Granulation Tissue Formation, Angiogenesis, Fibroblast Activation & Collagen Deposition
- Subtopic: Healing in Specialized Tissues (Bone, Cartilage, Nerve, Muscle)
- Subtopic: Pathologic Complications of Wound Healing: Keloids, Hypertrophic Scars, Dehiscence & Contractures
GENERAL PATHOLOGY • MODULE 3
Neoplasia & The Biology of Cancer
Oncological Concepts & Characteristics of Tumours
- Subtopic: Key Concepts, Nomenclature & Classification of Neoplasms
- Subtopic: Characteristics of Benign vs. Malignant Tumours: Differentiation & Anaplasia
- Subtopic: Rates of Growth, Mitotic Figures & Local Tissue Invasiveness
- Subtopic: Mechanisms and Routes of Cancer Spread: Direct Seeding, Lymphatic & Hematogenous Metastasis
- Subtopic: Clinical Effects of Tumours: Cancer Cachexia, Local Encroachment & Paraneoplastic Syndromes
- Subtopic: Tumour Grading (Histological Differentiation) & Clinical Staging (TNM System)
Carcinogenesis & Radiation Biology
- Subtopic: Chemical Carcinogenesis: Initiators, Promoters & DNA Alkylating Agents
- Subtopic: Microbial and Viral Oncogenesis: HPV, EBV, HBV, HCV, HHV-8 & Helicobacter pylori
- Subtopic: Physical Carcinogens: Ultraviolet (UV) Rays & Ionizing Radiation Carcinogenesis
- Subtopic: Biological Principles of Therapeutic Irradiation, DNA Radiolysis & Tissue Radiosensitivity
SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY • MODULE 4
Cardiovascular & Hematolymphoid Pathology
Vascular & Ischemic Heart Pathology
- Subtopic: Pathology of the Vascular Wall in Response to Endothelial Injury
- Subtopic: Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis: Fatty Streaks, Atheromatous Plaques & Complications
- Subtopic: Hypertension: Benign, Malignant, Essential vs. Secondary & Vascular Changes
- Subtopic: True vs. False Aneurysms, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms & Aortic Dissections
- Subtopic: Ischemic Heart Disease: Angina Pectoris & Acute Myocardial Infarction Evolution
- Subtopic: Pathology of Heart Failure: Left-Sided vs. Right-Sided Congestive Heart Failure
Valvular, Congenital & Hematolymphoid Disorders
- Subtopic: Rheumatic Fever & Rheumatic Heart Disease: Aschoff Bodies & Valvular Deformities
- Subtopic: Infective Endocarditis: Acute vs. Subacute Valvular Vegetations & Emboli
- Subtopic: Congenital Heart Diseases: Left-to-Right Shunts, Right-to-Left Shunts & Coarctations
- Subtopic: Pathology of Anemias: Microcytic Hypochromic, Megaloblastic & Hemolytic Anemias
- Subtopic: Hematological Malignancies: Acute and Chronic Leukemias (AML, ALL, CML, CLL)
- Subtopic: Lymphomas: Hodgkin Lymphoma (Reed-Sternberg Cells) vs. Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY • MODULE 5
Respiratory Tract Pathology
Developmental, Vascular & Infectious Lung Disorders
- Subtopic: Congenital and Developmental Anomalies of the Lung
- Subtopic: Pulmonary Edema (Hemodynamic vs. Microvascular) & Atelectasis (Collapse)
- Subtopic: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) & Diffuse Alveolar Damage
- Subtopic: Pneumonia: Lobar Pneumonia, Bronchopneumonia, Atypical & Viral Coronaviruses
- Subtopic: Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Primary Ghon Complex vs. Secondary Cavitary TB
Obstructive, Restrictive & Neoplastic Pulmonary Conditions
- Subtopic: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Centriacinar/Panacinar Emphysema
- Subtopic: Chronic Bronchitis: Mucus Hypersecretion, Reid Index & Airway Remodeling
- Subtopic: Bronchial Asthma: Type I Hypersensitivity, Airway Hyperresponsiveness & Histopathology
- Subtopic: Bronchiectasis: Chronic Necrotizing Airway Infections & Dilation
- Subtopic: Occupational Pneumoconioses: Silicosis, Asbestosis & Coal Worker's Lung
- Subtopic: Carcinoma of the Lung: Squamous Cell, Adenocarcinoma & Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY • MODULE 6
Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary & Renal Pathology
Gastrointestinal & Hepatobiliary Pathology
- Subtopic: Esophageal Pathology: Reflux Esophagitis, Barrett’s Esophagus & Esophageal Carcinoma
- Subtopic: Gastric Pathology: Acute vs. Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
- Subtopic: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Crohn's Disease vs. Ulcerative Colitis
- Subtopic: Acute Appendicitis: Pathogenesis, Complications, Perforation & Peritonitis
- Subtopic: Intestinal Obstruction: Mechanical (Volvulus, Intussusception, Hernias) vs. Paralytic
- Subtopic: Viral Hepatitis: Hepatic Necrosis, Chronic Hepatitis & Cirrhosis Morphology
- Subtopic: Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease & Cirrhosis Complications
- Subtopic: Cholelithiasis (Gallstones), Acute/Chronic Cholecystitis & Acute Pancreatitis
- Subtopic: Malignancies: Gastric Adenocarcinoma, Colorectal Carcinoma & Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Renal & Urinary Tract Pathology
- Subtopic: Glomerular Pathology: Nephrotic Syndrome (Minimal Change, FSGS, Membranous)
- Subtopic: Glomerular Pathology: Nephritic Syndrome (Post-Streptococcal, Crescentic Glomerulonephritis)
- Subtopic: Tubular & Interstitial Diseases: Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) & Pyelonephritis
- Subtopic: Nephrolithiasis (Renal Calculi): Chemical Types, Obstruction & Hydronephrosis
- Subtopic: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) & Uremia
- Subtopic: Renal Cell Carcinoma, Wilms' Tumour & Urothelial (Bladder) Carcinoma
SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY • MODULE 7
Endocrine, Reproductive & Musculoskeletal Pathology
Endocrine System Pathology
- Subtopic: Pituitary Gland Disorders: Hyperpituitarism (Adenomas), Acromegaly & Hypopituitarism
- Subtopic: Thyroid Pathology: Diffuse Non-Toxic Goitre, Multinodular Goitre & Thyroiditis
- Subtopic: Thyrotoxicosis (Graves' Disease), Hypothyroidism (Cretinism, Myxedema) & Thyroid Cancers
- Subtopic: Parathyroid Pathology: Hyperparathyroidism, Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica & Hypocalcemia
- Subtopic: Adrenal Pathology: Cushing’s Syndrome, Addison’s Disease & Pheochromocytoma
- Subtopic: Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 & 2): Microangiopathy, Nephropathy, Retinopathy & Neuropathy
Reproductive & Breast Pathology
- Subtopic: Female Genital Pathology: Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) & Invasive Cervical Cancer
- Subtopic: Uterine Pathology: Endometriosis, Endometrial Hyperplasia & Leiomyoma (Fibroids)
- Subtopic: Ovarian Pathology: Ovarian Cysts, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) & Teratomas
- Subtopic: Breast Pathology: Fibroadenoma, Fibrocystic Changes & Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
- Subtopic: Male Genital Pathology: Cryptorchidism, Testicular Torsion, Orchitis & Testicular Tumours
- Subtopic: Prostatic Pathology: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Musculoskeletal & Integumentary Pathology
- Subtopic: Infectious Bone Pathology: Acute and Chronic Osteomyelitis (Sequestrum, Involucrum)
- Subtopic: Metabolic Bone Diseases: Osteoporosis, Rickets & Osteomalacia
- Subtopic: Joint Pathologies: Degenerative Osteoarthritis vs. Autoimmune Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Subtopic: Gouty Arthritis & Deposition of Monosodium Urate Crystals (Tophi)
- Subtopic: Bone Tumours: Benign Osteoma/Chondroma vs. Malignant Osteosarcoma & Ewing Sarcoma
- Subtopic: Integumentary Pathology: Burns, Pressure Ulcers, Dermatitis & Cutaneous Malignancies
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY • MODULE 8
Clinical Immunology, Transplant Rejection & HIV/AIDS
Immunopathogenesis & Hypersensitivity
- Subtopic: Immunopathogenic Mechanisms & Allergic Disease Classifications
- Subtopic: Type I Hypersensitivity (Immediate): Anaphylaxis, Atopy, Urticaria & Allergic Rhinitis
- Subtopic: Type II Hypersensitivity (Antibody-Mediated Cytotoxic): Hemolytic Reactions & Goodpasture
- Subtopic: Type III Hypersensitivity (Immune Complex): Serum Sickness & Arthus Reaction
- Subtopic: Type IV Hypersensitivity (Cell-Mediated / Delayed): Contact Dermatitis & Tuberculin Test
- Subtopic: Autoimmune Pathogenesis: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Scleroderma & Sjogren
Transplantation & Acquired Immunodeficiency (AIDS)
- Subtopic: Transplant Immunology: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC/HLA) Matching
- Subtopic: Mechanisms of Graft Rejection: Hyperacute, Acute Cellular/Humoral & Chronic Rejection
- Subtopic: Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD) Pathogenesis in Bone Marrow Transplants
- Subtopic: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Virology, CD4+ T-Cell Depletion & Natural History
- Subtopic: Opportunistic Infections in AIDS: PCP, Cryptococcal Meningitis, Cerebral Toxoplasmosis, CMV
- Subtopic: AIDS-Defining Malignancies: Kaposi’s Sarcoma (HHV-8) & Primary CNS Lymphoma
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PRACTICAL PATHOLOGY • MODULE 9
Investigative Pathology, Autopsy & Morbid Demonstrations
Clinical Investigative Pathology & Role of the Nurse
- Subtopic: Diagnostic Biopsy Methods: Excisional, Incisional, Punch & Core Needle Biopsy
- Subtopic: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC): Principles, Slide Preparation & Fixation
- Subtopic: Specimen Handling, Fixation Protocols (10% Neutral Buffered Formalin) & Artifact Prevention
- Subtopic: Nurse’s Role in Lumbar Puncture, Bone Marrow Aspiration, Thoracentesis & Paracentesis
- Subtopic: Processing Frozen Sections for Intraoperative Rapid Consultation
- Subtopic: Interpretation and Clinical Nursing Use of Surgical Histopathology & Cytology Reports
Morbid Anatomy & Post-Mortem Sessions
- Subtopic: Morbid Anatomic Studies: Systematic Post-Mortem Autopsy Examination Procedures
- Subtopic: Macroscopic Demonstration: Acute Fibrinous Pericarditis, Purulent Exudates & Abscesses
- Subtopic: Macroscopic Demonstration: Coagulative Myocardial Infarction & Liquefactive Cerebral Infarction
- Subtopic: Macroscopic Demonstration: Caseous Tuberculosis of Lung and Lymph Nodes & Gangrene
- Subtopic: Gross Specimens of Cellular Adaptation: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy & Prostatic Hyperplasia
- Subtopic: Gross Examination of Benign Tumours: Uterine Leiomyoma, Lipoma, Adenoma & Breast Fibroadenoma
- Subtopic: Gross Examination of Malignant Tumours: Carcinomas, Sarcomas & Metastatic Secondary Tumours
Prescribed Textbooks & References
Core reference texts prescribed by the NCHE Bachelor of Nursing Science syllabus.
- Kumar, V., Abbas, A.K., Fausto, N. & Aster, J.C. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders / Elsevier.
- MacSween, R.N.M., Whaley, K., et al. (2000). Muir’s Textbook of Pathology (14th ed.). London: Hodder Arnold.
- Damjanov, I. (2005). Pathology for the Health Professions (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders / Elsevier.
- McConnell, T.H. (2006). The Nature of Disease: Pathology for the Health Professions. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- McPhee, S.J. & Ganong, W.F. (2006). Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine (5th ed.). New York: Appleton & Lange / McGraw-Hill.
- Chang, E., Daly, J. & Elliott, D. (2006). Pathophysiology Applied to Nursing. Sydney: Elsevier Australia.
Follow your university’s current approved course outline for official course codes, teaching order and assessments. This directory organises supplementary revision resources.
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