BNS 103: Medical Biochemistry I & II
BIOCHEMISTRY I • MODULE 1
Chemical Foundations, Bioenergetics & Cellular Chemistry
General & Physical Chemistry for Health Sciences
- Subtopic: Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonds, Molecules & Orbitals
- Subtopic: Properties of Water, Hydrogen Bonding & Solvent Capabilities
- Subtopic: Acid-Base Chemistry, pH, Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation & Biological Buffers
- Subtopic: Bioenergetics, Laws of Thermodynamics, Free Energy & High-Energy Phosphates (ATP)
- Subtopic: Biological Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions & Electron Carriers (NAD+, FAD)
Cell Chemistry & Biomembranes
BIOCHEMISTRY I • MODULE 2
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & Enzymology
Structure and Function of Biological Molecules
- Subtopic: Carbohydrate Chemistry: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides & Polysaccharides
- Subtopic: Lipid Chemistry: Fatty Acids, Triglycerides, Phospholipids & Steroids
- Subtopic: Amino Acid Properties, Peptide Bonds & Levels of Protein Structure
- Subtopic: Structure and Function of Hemoglobin & Myoglobin: Sickle Cell Pathology
- Subtopic: Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble Vitamins: Coenzyme Functions & Deficiencies
- Subtopic: Dietary Minerals and Trace Elements: Biochemical Roles & Metabolism
Enzymology & Kinetics
- Subtopic: Enzyme Classification, Active Sites, Catalytic Mechanisms & Activation Energy
- Subtopic: Enzyme Kinetics: Michaelis-Menten Kinetics, Km, Vmax & Lineweaver-Burk Plots
- Subtopic: Enzyme Regulation: Allosteric Regulation, Covalent Modification & Proenzymes
- Subtopic: Competitive, Non-Competitive & Uncompetitive Enzyme Inhibition
- Subtopic: Diagnostic and Clinical Enzymology: Cardiac, Hepatic & Pancreatic Biomarkers
BIOCHEMISTRY I • MODULE 3
Biochemistry of Blood, Body Fluids & Specialized Tissues
Blood & Body Fluid Chemistry
- Subtopic: Biochemistry of Plasma Proteins: Albumin, Globulins & Fibrinogen
- Subtopic: Biochemical Basis of Blood Gases: Oxygenation & Carbon Dioxide Dynamics
- Subtopic: Biochemical Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation: Clotting Factors & Fibrinolysis
- Subtopic: Common Inborn and Acquired Biochemical Disorders of Blood & Body Fluids
- Subtopic: Integrated Acid-Base Balance: Renal & Pulmonary Chemical Buffering
Muscle & Barrier Biochemistry
- Subtopic: Muscle Biochemistry: Actin, Myosin, Troponin, Tropomyosin & Calcium Gating
- Subtopic: Energy Metabolism in Contracting Muscle: Phosphocreatine & Lactic Acid Dynamics
- Subtopic: Structural and Chemical Barriers in Tissue Defense (Mucins, Lysozyme, Free Fatty Acids)
- Subtopic: Basic Immunology Biochemistry: Antibody Architecture & Complement Cascade Activation
- Subtopic: Common Biochemical Abnormalities in Cellular & Tissue Functions
BIOCHEMISTRY II • MODULE 4
Intermediary Metabolism: Carbohydrates & Energy Production
Carbohydrate Breakdown & Energy Conservation
- Subtopic: Introduction to Metabolism: Anabolism, Catabolism & Metabolic Regulation
- Subtopic: Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof Pathway): Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Energy Yields
- Subtopic: Glycolysis Interactive Review & Key Regulatory Steps
- Subtopic: Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA (Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex)
- Subtopic: Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle: Reactions & ATP Production
- Subtopic: Krebs Cycle Interactive Review & Amphibolic Nature
- Subtopic: Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Complexes & Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Subtopic: Inhibitors and Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Glycogen Dynamics, Gluconeogenesis & Pentose Pathway
- Subtopic: Glycogenesis & Glycogenolysis: Reciprocal Regulation by Hormones
- Subtopic: Gluconeogenesis: Non-Carbohydrate Precursors, Key Bypass Enzymes & Regulation
- Subtopic: Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Shunt): NADPH & Ribose Synthesis
- Subtopic: Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency & Drug-Induced Hemolysis
BIOCHEMISTRY II • MODULE 5
Lipid, Amino Acid, Heme & Nucleotide Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism & Ketogenesis
- Subtopic: Beta-Oxidation of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Energetics
- Subtopic: Fatty Acid Biosynthesis: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase & Fatty Acid Synthase Complex
- Subtopic: Ketogenesis, Ketone Body Utilization & Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Subtopic: Cholesterol Biosynthesis (HMG-CoA Reductase), Bile Acid Conversion & Steroidogenesis
- Subtopic: Lipoprotein Transport & Metabolism: Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL & Atherosclerosis
Amino Acid, Heme & Nucleotide Metabolism
- Subtopic: Transamination, Deamination, Ammonia Toxicity & The Urea Cycle
- Subtopic: Metabolism of Carbon Skeletons: Glucogenic vs. Ketogenic Amino Acids
- Subtopic: Heme Biosynthesis, Porphyrias, Hemoglobin Degradation & Biochemical Forms of Jaundice
- Subtopic: Purine & Pyrimidine De Novo and Salvage Biosynthesis
- Subtopic: Purine Catabolism, Uric Acid Production & Pathophysiology of Gout
- Subtopic: Integration of Metabolism: Well-Fed State, Fasting, Starvation & Fuel Homeostasis
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BIOCHEMISTRY II • MODULE 6
Endocrine Biochemistry & Neurochemistry
Hormone Biochemistry & Signal Transduction
- Subtopic: Biochemical Classification of Vertebrate Hormones (Peptides, Steroids, Amines)
- Subtopic: Hormone Biosynthesis, Post-Translational Processing, Storage & Secretion
- Subtopic: Membrane Receptors (GPCRs, Tyrosine Kinase Receptors) & Second Messengers (cAMP, IP3, DAG)
- Subtopic: Intracellular Nuclear Receptors & Gene Transcription Activation by Steroid Hormones
- Subtopic: Biochemical Actions of Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine, Cortisol & Thyroid Hormones
Biochemistry of Nerve Transmission
- Subtopic: Biochemistry of Neurotransmission: Synthesis, Storage & Release of Neurotransmitters
- Subtopic: Acetylcholine Metabolism: Choline Acetyltransferase & Acetylcholinesterase
- Subtopic: Catecholamine Synthesis & Degradation: MAO and COMT Pathways
- Subtopic: Amino Acid Neurotransmitters: GABA, Glutamate, Glycine & Aspartate
- Subtopic: Neuropeptides, Opioid Peptides, Endorphins & Enkephalins
BIOCHEMISTRY II • MODULE 7
Molecular Biology & Molecular Tools in Medicine
Molecular Genetics & Central Dogma
- Subtopic: Structure of Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA), Chromatin Organization & Nucleosomes
- Subtopic: DNA Replication: Replication Fork, DNA Polymerases, Proofreading & Telomeres
- Subtopic: DNA Damage, Mutation Types & DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Subtopic: Transcription: RNA Polymerases, Promoters, Enhancers & Post-Transcriptional RNA Processing
- Subtopic: Translation: Genetic Code, Ribosomes, tRNA Charging, Initiation, Elongation & Termination
- Subtopic: Post-Translational Protein Modifications & Proteasomal Degradation
Molecular Diagnostic & Therapeutic Tools
- Subtopic: Biochemical Techniques: Spectrophotometry, Chromatography, Electrophoresis & ELISA
- Subtopic: Common Enzymes of Molecular Biology: Restriction Endonucleases, DNA Ligases, Polymerases
- Subtopic: Recombinant DNA Technology, Plasmids & Gene Cloning
- Subtopic: DNA Sequencing Methods (Sanger Sequencing & Next-Generation Sequencing)
- Subtopic: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Principles, Thermocycling & Clinical Diagnostic Applications
- Subtopic: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis & Genetic Profiling
- Subtopic: Ligase Chain Reaction (LCR) & Microarray Hybridization Technologies
- Subtopic: Transgenesis, Genetically Engineered Organisms & Principles of Gene Therapy
BIOCHEMISTRY II • MODULE 8
Clinical Chemistry, Organ Function Tests & Inborn Errors
Organ Function Testing & Laboratory Practicals
- Subtopic: Liver Function Tests (LFTs): Transaminases (ALT, AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) & Bilirubin
- Subtopic: Kidney Function Tests (KFTs): Serum Urea, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine & Uric Acid
- Subtopic: Laboratory Practical: Quantitative Measurement of Serum / Plasma Total Protein & Albumin
- Subtopic: Laboratory Practical: Quantitative Determination of Urinary Ammonia
- Subtopic: Laboratory Practical: Renal Excretion of Acid in Urine & Fractional Bicarbonate Excretion
Inborn Errors of Metabolism (Metabolic Hereditary Disorders)
- Subtopic: Genesis of Hereditary Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism (Galactosemia, Fructose Intolerance)
- Subtopic: Glycogen Storage Diseases (von Gierke, Pompe, McArdle Diseases)
- Subtopic: Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism: Phenylketonuria (PKU), Alkaptonuria & Albinism
- Subtopic: Lipid Storage Disorders: Gaucher, Niemann-Pick & Tay-Sachs Diseases
- Subtopic: Neonatal Biochemical Screening for Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Prescribed Textbooks & References
Core reference texts prescribed by the NCHE Bachelor of Nursing Science syllabus.
- Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. & Stryer, L. (2006). Biochemistry (International Edition). New York: W.H. Freeman & Co.
- Lehninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L. & Cox, M.M. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.
- Murray, R.K., Rodwell, V.V., Bender, D. & Botham, K.M. (2009). Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry (28th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
- Sawhney, S.K. & Singh, R. (2005). Introductory Practical Biochemistry. Kolkata: Alpha Science Ltd.
- Anthikad, J. (2005). Biochemistry for Nurses. Kolkata: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
Follow your university’s current approved course outline for official course codes, teaching order and assessments. This directory organises supplementary revision resources.
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