-
Normal third stage of labour
Normal Third Stage of Labour The third stage of labor is a critical phase that involves the separation, descent, and expulsion of the placenta and membranes, as well as the prevention of hemorrhage. Physiology of the Third Stage of Labour: Contraction and Retraction: The placental separation is initiated by the contraction and retraction of the…
-
Episiotomy
EPISIOTOMY An episiotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision on the perineum to widen the vaginal opening before childbirth. Indications for Episiotomy: To qicken delivery in the following situations: a. Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. b. Cardiac diseases, to reduce strain on the mother. c. Maternal distress, to minimize strain during delivery. d. Fetal…
-
Normal second stage of labour
Normal second stage of labour The second stage of labor commences when the cervix is fully dilated and concludes with the delivery of the baby. SIGNS OF SECOND STAGE Premonitory signs Expulsive uterine contractions: Expulsive uterine contractions may occur when the mother is not fully dilated, particularly in occipital posterior position or with a full…
-
Tetanus
Tetanus Tetanus is an acute infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by clostridium tetani and is characterized by spasms of the skeletal muscles frequently attacking the muscles of the jaw. Tetanus is commonly known as ‘Lock-jaw.’ Cause of Tetanus Tetanus is caused by the exotoxins of clostridium tetani. The organism can live for…
-
Leprosy
Leprosy Leprosy, also known as Hansen\’s disease, is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Cause of Leprosy Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. M. lepromatosis is a relatively newly identified mycobacterium isolated from a fatal case of diffuse…
-
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB (short for tubercle bacillus), is a widespread and often deadly infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria. While primarily affecting the lungs, it can also impact other parts of the body. Around one-third of the world\’s population (1 in 3 or 3 out of 10 people) is affected…
-
Measles
Measles Measles, also known as Morbilli, is a highly contagious acute infection of the respiratory system caused by the morbillivirus. It is characterized by a widespread skin rash, fever, and inflammation of the mucous membranes. The transmission of measles occurs through respiration, mainly by coming into contact with fluids from the nose and mouth of…
-
Malaria
Malaria Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite belonging to the Plasmodium genus. It is primarily transmitted from one person to another through female mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus. The illness presents with acute febrile symptoms, including cycles of chills, fever, pain, and sweating. Historical records indicate that malaria has been afflicting humans…
-
Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever)
Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever) Typhoid fever is an acute bacterial infection characterized by fever and is primarily spread through contaminated food and water. Causes Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A and B. Transmission: Typhoid fever is contracted by the ingestion of the bacteria in contaminated food or water. Patients with…
-
Dysentery
Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis): Bacillary dysentery is an acute bacterial disease that primarily affects the large and small intestine, leading to symptoms such as bloody mucoid diarrhea. It is important not to confuse bacillary dysentery with diarrhea caused by other bacterial infections, as one of the distinguishing characteristics of bacillary dysentery is the presence of blood…
