BNS 116: Medical Nursing (I, II & III)

Infection Principles & Bacterial Diseases

• Subtopic: Infectious Disease Transmission
• Subtopic: Principles and Mechanisms of Infection Control in Medical Wards
• Subtopic: Systematic Approach to the Patient Presenting with Acute Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO)
• Subtopic: Medical Nursing Management of Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
• Subtopic: Cutaneous, Inhalation, and Gastrointestinal Anthrax
• Subtopic: Buruli Ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans): Wound Care, Antibiotic Therapy, and Deformity Prevention
• Subtopic: Endemic Treponematoses (Yaws) and Trachoma Stages and Care
• Subtopic: Epidemic Cholera
• Subtopic: Enteric (Typhoid) Fever: Complications, Perforation Monitoring, and Antibiotic Regimens
• Subtopic: Tuberculosis: DOTS Regimens and Infection Isolation
• Subtopic: Plague (Bubonic, Pneumonic), Endemic Relapsing Fevers, and Actinomycosis

Viral, Prion, Rickettsial & Fungal Conditions

• Subtopic: Clinical Characteristics, Pathology, and Nursing Management of DNA and RNA Viral Diseases
• Subtopic: Viral Exanthems: Measles, Varicella (Chickenpox), Rubella, and Mumps
• Subtopic: Prion Diseases: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies and Infection Precautions
• Subtopic: Rickettsial Infections: Epidemic Typhus, Endemic Murine Typhus, and Q-Fever
• Subtopic: Superficial and Mucocutaneous Candidiasis in Immunocompromised Patients
• Subtopic: Systemic and Opportunistic Fungal Pathologies: Histoplasmosis and Pulmonary Aspergillosis
• Subtopic: Cryptococcal Meningitis: Lumbar Puncture Protocols, Antifungal Therapy, and ICP Management
• Subtopic: Pneumocystis Jirovecii / Carinii Pneumonia (PJP/PCP): Clinical Care and Oxygenation

Protozoal & Helminthic Diseases

• Subtopic: Malaria: Management of Severe Malaria
• Subtopic: Human African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
• Subtopic: Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
• Subtopic: Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in Immunosuppressed Patients
• Subtopic: Amoebiasis (Invasive Amoebic Dysentery and Amoebic Liver Abscess)
• Subtopic: Intestinal Protozoan Infections: Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, Balantidiasis, and Microsporidiosis
• Subtopic: Tissue-Dwelling Nematodes: Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis), Loiasis, and Dracunculiasis
• Subtopic: Intestinal Nematodes: Hookworm Anaemia, Ascariasis, Trichuriasis, and Strongyloidiasis Hyperinfection
• Subtopic: Trematode and Cestode Diseases: Schistosomiasis, Paragonimiasis, Tapeworms, Cysticercosis, and Hydatid Disease
• Subtopic: Ectoparasitic Infestations: Scabies Management, Jiggers (Tungiasis), Myiasis, and Pediculosis

Sexually Transmitted Infections & Comprehensive HIV Care

• Subtopic: Syndromic STI Management: Urethral Discharge Syndrome (Gonorrhoea, Chlamydia)
• Subtopic: Genital Ulcer Disease Syndromes: Primary/Secondary Syphilis, Chancroid, and Genital Herpes
• Subtopic: Vaginal Discharge Syndromes: Trichomoniasis, Candidiasis, and Bacterial Vaginosis
• Subtopic: Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV), Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis), and Anogenital Warts
• Subtopic: HIV/AIDS Epidemiology, Viral Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, and CD4/Viral Load Dynamics
• Subtopic: WHO Clinical Staging of HIV Disease (Stages 1 to 4)
• Subtopic: Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): Drug Classes, Regimens, Adherence Counselling, and Side Effect Profiles
• Subtopic: Management of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
• Subtopic: Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Protocols in Healthcare

Pharmacotherapy & Supportive Interventions

• Subtopic: Principles of Medical Pharmacotherapy: Cost-Effectiveness and Benefit-to-Risk Ratios
• Subtopic: Utilizing National Essential Medicines Lists and Clinical Prescribing Guidelines
• Subtopic: Clinical Pharmacology in Special Medical Groups: Pregnancy, Pediatrics, and Geriatrics
• Subtopic: Recognizing and Managing Drug-Drug Interactions and Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
• Subtopic: Intravenous Fluid Therapy: Colloid vs. Crystalloid Resuscitation and Maintenance Regimens
• Subtopic: Medical Nutrition Therapy: Enteral Nutrition (NGT, PEG) and Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
• Subtopic: Principles of Medical Immunotherapy, Targeted Biologics, and Radiotherapy Support
• Subtopic: Integrating Traditional and Complementary Therapies (Herbalism, Faith Healing, Therapeutic Touch)
• Subtopic: Palliative Principles in Non-Communicable Chronic Illness: Dyspnea, Fatigue, and Nausea Relief

Cardiovascular Medical Conditions

• Subtopic: Hypertension: Essential vs. Secondary Hypertension, Hypertensive Urgency, and Hypertensive Crisis
• Subtopic: Coronary Artery Disease: Stable Angina, Unstable Angina, and Acute Myocardial Infarction (STEMI/NSTEMI)
• Subtopic: Medical Nursing Management of Congestive Cardiac Failure (Left-Sided vs. Right-Sided Failure)
• Subtopic: Nursing Care of Patients with Cardiac Dysrhythmias and Antiarrhythmic Drug Administration
• Subtopic: Rheumatic Fever and Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease: Secondary Prophylaxis Regimens
• Subtopic: Infective Endocarditis, Acute Myocarditis, and Pericardial Effusion / Cardiac Tamponade
• Subtopic: Peripheral Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Arterial Occlusive Disease

Hematological Medical Conditions

• Subtopic: Nutritional Anaemias: Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Vitamin B12 Deficiency, and Folate Deficiency
• Subtopic: Aplastic Anaemia and Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
• Subtopic: Hemolytic Anaemias and Comprehensive Management of Sickle Cell Crisis (Vaso-occlusive, Aplastic)
• Subtopic: Bleeding Disorders: Hemophilia A and B, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), and DIC
• Subtopic: Medical Nursing Care in Leukemia (Acute and Chronic) and Lymphomas

Respiratory Medical Conditions

• Subtopic: Acute Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: Acute Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis
• Subtopic: Pneumonia: Community-Acquired (CAP), Hospital-Acquired (HAP), and Aspiration Pneumonia
• Subtopic: Bronchial Asthma: Status Asthmaticus Emergency Nursing Protocols and Nebulizer Therapy
• Subtopic: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and Cor Pulmonale
• Subtopic: Bronchiectasis and Lung Abscess Drainage Protocols
• Subtopic: Pleural Conditions: Pleural Effusion, Empyema, Pleurisy, and Assisting with Thoracentesis
• Subtopic: Pulmonary Embolism, Acute Pulmonary Edema, and Type 1/Type 2 Respiratory Failure

Renal & Urinary Medical Conditions

• Subtopic: Urinary Tract Infections (Cystitis, Acute and Chronic Pyelonephritis)
• Subtopic: Glomerulonephritis: Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (Nephritic Syndrome)
• Subtopic: Nephrotic Syndrome: Edema Management, Proteinuria Monitoring, and Steroid Therapy
• Subtopic: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Prerenal, Intrarenal, and Postrenal Failure Stages
• Subtopic: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD): Uremic Syndrome Management
• Subtopic: Medical Nursing Management of Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Gastrointestinal & Hepatobiliary Conditions

• Subtopic: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and Hiatus Hernia Medical Care
• Subtopic: Acute and Chronic Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD): H. pylori Eradication Protocols
• Subtopic: Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Esophageal Varices, Sengstaken-Blakemore Tube, and Blood Transfusions
• Subtopic: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease
• Subtopic: Malabsorption Syndromes, Celiac Disease, and Tropical Sprue
• Subtopic: Acute and Chronic Viral Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E): Isolation and Liver Function Monitoring
• Subtopic: Liver Cirrhosis: Portal Hypertension, Ascites, Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis, and Hepatic Encephalopathy
• Subtopic: Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Medical Management

Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders

• Subtopic: Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2): Pathophysiology and Lifestyle Management
• Subtopic: Acute Diabetic Emergencies: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)
• Subtopic: Hypoglycemia Emergency Protocol and Counter-Regulatory Responses
• Subtopic: Chronic Diabetic Complications: Diabetic Foot Care, Neuropathy, Nephropathy, and Retinopathy
• Subtopic: Thyroid Disorders: Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis / Thyroid Storm) vs. Hypothyroidism (Myxedema Coma)
• Subtopic: Adrenal Cortex Disorders: Cushing’s Syndrome and Acute Adrenal Crisis (Addisonian Crisis)
• Subtopic: Pituitary Disorders: Diabetes Insipidus (DI) and Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Neurological Medical Conditions

• Subtopic: Assessment of the Unconscious Patient: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Neurological Vital Signs
• Subtopic: Cerebrovascular Accidents (Stroke / CVA): Ischemic vs. Hemorrhagic Stroke Management
• Subtopic: Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) and Thrombolytic Timing Windows
• Subtopic: Acute Bacterial, Viral, and Tuberculous Meningitis: Lumbar Puncture Support and Care
• Subtopic: Viral Encephalitis, Cerebral Malaria, and Brain Abscess Medical Nursing Care
• Subtopic: Seizure Disorders: Epilepsy Management and Emergency Status Epilepticus Care Protocols
• Subtopic: Neurodegenerative Disorders: Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Dementia, and Motor Neuron Disease
• Subtopic: Autoimmune Neurological Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

Musculoskeletal, Autoimmune & Dermatological Conditions

• Subtopic: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Autoimmune Management
• Subtopic: Osteoarthritis, Gouty Arthritis (Acute Attack vs. Interval Prophylaxis), and Ankylosing Spondylitis
• Subtopic: Medical Management of Severe Dermatological Eruptions: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and TEN
• Subtopic: Cutaneous Drug Eruptions, Extensive Psoriasis, and Pemphigus Vulgaris

Patient Assessment & Diagnostic Synthesis

• Subtopic: Advanced Clinical History Taking and Interviewing in Multimorbid Medical Patients
• Subtopic: Head-to-Toe Physical Examination Synthesis and Identifying Subtle Clinical Deterioration
• Subtopic: Diagnostic Interpretation: Full Blood Counts, Serum Chemistry, Liver and Renal Panels
• Subtopic: Clinical Interpretation of 12-Lead Electrocardiograms (ECGs) and Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)
• Subtopic: Diagnostic Imaging Synthesis: Chest Radiographs, Ultrasounds, and CT Scans in Medical Wards

Individualized Nursing Care Plan Design

• Subtopic: Formulating Accurate NANDA-I Nursing Diagnoses for Complex Medical Patients
• Subtopic: Establishing Measurable, Patient-Centered Short-Term and Long-Term SMART Goals
• Subtopic: Designing Tailored Nursing Interventions with Sound Biophysical and Pharmacological Rationales
• Subtopic: Defining Concrete Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) Criteria
• Subtopic: Involving Patients and Family Members in Shared Care Planning and Goal Setting

Multi-System Care Implementation

• Subtopic: Executing Complex Clinical Interventions Across Multiple Failing Organ Systems
• Subtopic: Dynamic Airway, Breathing, and Hemodynamic Stabilization in Medical Emergencies
• Subtopic: Safe Medication Administration: Intravenous Drips, Inotropic Titration, and High-Alert Drugs
• Subtopic: Nursing Measures to Minimize Adverse Treatment Effects and Prevent Hospital-Acquired Infections
• Subtopic: Nutritional Support and Fluid Balance Maintenance in Critically Ill Medical Patients

Clinical Evaluation & Professional Documentation

• Subtopic: Continuous Clinical Re-Assessment and Evaluating Patient Progress Against Outcomes
• Subtopic: Modifying, Updating, or Terminating Medical Nursing Care Plans Based on Response
• Subtopic: Comprehensive Clinical Documentation: SOAPIE Notes, Kardex Charting, and Electronic Medical Records
• Subtopic: Documenting Medication Administration, Omissions, and Patient Tolerability
• Subtopic: Conducting Multidisciplinary Case Conferences and Structured SBAR Shift Handovers
• Subtopic: Discharge Planning, Home Care Regimens, and Outpatient Chronic Care Referrals