BNS 104: Medical Microbiology & Parasitology
MICROBIOLOGY I • MODULE 1
General Microbiology, Growth & Infection Control
Microbial Structure, Classification & Growth
- Subtopic: Bacterial Classification, Taxonomy & Cell Architecture
- Subtopic: Bacterial Growth Curves, Physiology, Nutrition & Genetics
- Subtopic: Microbial Ecology, Normal Human Flora & Host-Microbe Interactions
- Subtopic: Microbial Pathogenicity, Virulence Factors & Toxins (Exotoxins vs. Endotoxins)
- Subtopic: History of Microbiology & General Diagnostic Procedures
- Subtopic: Specimen Collection, Safety, Preliminary Processing & Transport Protocols
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
- Subtopic: Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Principles & Chain of Infection
- Subtopic: Hand Hygiene: Aseptic Techniques & Hospital Protocols
- Subtopic: Infection Mitigation Measures, Hospital Waste Disposal & Decontamination
- Subtopic: Physical Control: Kinetics of Cell Death, Moist Heat (Autoclaving), Dry Heat & Radiation
- Subtopic: Chemical Control: Disinfectants, Antiseptics & Inactivation Kinetics
- Subtopic: Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing (Disc Diffusion, MIC/MBC), Synergism & Drug Resistance
MICROBIOLOGY I • MODULE 2
Systemic Clinical Infections & Syndromic Pathology
Systemic Clinical Syndromes
- Subtopic: Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (SSTIs)
- Subtopic: Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs)
- Subtopic: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTIs)
- Subtopic: Central Nervous System (CNS) Infections: Meningitis & Encephalitis
- Subtopic: Gastrointestinal (GI) Infections, Food Poisoning & Enteric Fevers
- Subtopic: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
- Subtopic: Genital Tract Infections (GTIs) & Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Subtopic: Infective Endocarditis (IE) & Bloodstream Infections (Bacteremia/Sepsis)
MICROBIOLOGY I • MODULE 3
Systematic Medical Bacteriology
Gram-Positive Cocci & Bacilli
- Subtopic: Introduction to Medical Bacteriology & Staining Techniques
- Subtopic: Micrococcaceae: Staphylococcus aureus & Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
- Subtopic: Streptococcaceae: Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae & Enterococci
- Subtopic: Spore-Forming & Coryneform Bacilli: Bacillus anthracis & Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Subtopic: Anaerobic Spore-Forming Bacilli: Clostridium tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, C. difficile
Gram-Negative Cocci & Enteric Bacilli
- Subtopic: Gram-Negative Cocci: Neisseria meningitidis & Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Subtopic: Enterobacteriaceae I: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus & Enterobacter
- Subtopic: Enterobacteriaceae II: Salmonella (Typhi/Paratyphi) & Shigella Species
- Subtopic: Vibrionaceae & Campylobacteraceae: Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni & Helicobacter pylori
Fastidious, Anaerobic & Atypical Bacteria
- Subtopic: Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Non-Fermentative Gram-Negative Rods
- Subtopic: Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Pasteurella & Francisella
- Subtopic: HACEK Group Organisms & Capnocytophaga
- Subtopic: Legionella pneumophila
- Subtopic: Gram-Negative Anaerobic Rods (GNAR): Bacteroides fragilis & Fusobacterium
- Subtopic: Spirochaetales: Treponema pallidum (Syphilis), Borrelia & Leptospira
- Subtopic: Chlamydia trachomatis & Chlamydophila pneumoniae
- Subtopic: Rickettsiae: Epidemic Typhus, Endemic Typhus & Spotted Fevers
- Subtopic: Mycoplasmatales: Mycoplasma pneumoniae & Ureaplasma
Mycobacteria & Actinomycetes
- Subtopic: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis & Acid-Fast Staining
- Subtopic: Mycobacterium leprae & The Clinical Spectrum of Leprosy
- Subtopic: Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM / MOTT) & Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli Ulcer)
- Subtopic: Actinomycetales: Nocardia & Actinomyces Species
MICROBIOLOGY I • MODULE 4
Medical Virology & Viral Pathogenesis
General Virology & Retroviruses
- Subtopic: General Structure, DNA/RNA Classification, Viral Replication Cycles & Antivirals
- Subtopic: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Structure, Replication, Viral Load & Staging
- Subtopic: Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1 & HTLV-2)
Hepatitis, Oncogenic & Exanthematous Viruses
- Subtopic: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) & Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV)
- Subtopic: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) & Other Enteric Hepatitis Viruses (HAV, HEV)
- Subtopic: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) & Anogenital Cancers
- Subtopic: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) & Burkitt Lymphoma
- Subtopic: Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV)
- Subtopic: Measles Virus (Rubeola)
- Subtopic: Mumps Virus
- Subtopic: Rubella Virus (German Measles) & Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Respiratory, Enteric & Arboviral Diseases
- Subtopic: Influenza Viruses (Types A, B, C), Antigenic Drift & Shift
- Subtopic: Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV & SARS-CoV-2
- Subtopic: Rotaviruses & Pediatric Viral Gastroenteritis
- Subtopic: Poliovirus & Acute Flaccid Paralysis Eradication Protocols
- Subtopic: Yellow Fever Virus & Dengue Virus
- Subtopic: Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Ebola Virus & Marburg Virus
- Subtopic: Rabies Virus & Prion Diseases (Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies)
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MICROBIOLOGY II • MODULE 5
Medical Parasitology: Protozoology & Helminthology
Medical Protozoology
- Subtopic: Introduction to Parasitology: Host-Parasite Interactions & Classifications
- Subtopic: Plasmodium Species: Malaria Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Smear Diagnosis & Control
- Subtopic: Trypanosoma brucei (African Sleeping Sickness) & Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease)
- Subtopic: Leishmania Species: Visceral, Cutaneous & Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
- Subtopic: Amoebiasis: Entamoeba histolytica (Dysentery & Extraintestinal Abscesses)
- Subtopic: Flagellates: Giardia lamblia & Trichomonas vaginalis
- Subtopic: Opportunistic Coccidia: Cryptosporidium parvum, Toxoplasma gondii & Pneumocystis jirovecii
Medical Helminthology
- Subtopic: Trematodes (Blood Flukes): Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium & Intermediate Snail Hosts
- Subtopic: Trematodes (Tissue Flukes): Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis & Paragonimus
- Subtopic: Cestodes (Tapeworms): Taenia solium (Cysticercosis), Taenia saginata & Diphyllobothrium latum
- Subtopic: Echinococcosis: Hydatid Cyst Disease (Echinococcus granulosus)
- Subtopic: Intestinal Nematodes: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura & Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
- Subtopic: Hookworms (Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale) & Strongyloides stercoralis
- Subtopic: Tissue Nematodes: Wuchereria bancrofti (Lymphatic Filariasis), Loa loa & Dracunculus medinensis
- Subtopic: Onchocerca volvulus: River Blindness Pathology, Transmission & Eradication
MICROBIOLOGY II • MODULE 6
Medical Entomology & Vector Biology
Insect Vectors of Medical Importance
- Subtopic: Mosquito Vectors: Anopheles (Malaria), Aedes (Yellow Fever/Dengue) & Culex (Filariasis)
- Subtopic: Tsetse Flies (Glossina Species) & Sleeping Sickness Transmission
- Subtopic: Blackflies (Simulium Damnosum) & Onchocerciasis Transmission
- Subtopic: Sandflies (Phlebotomus & Lutzomyia) & Leishmaniasis Transmission
- Subtopic: Dipteran Larvae & Clinical Myiasis (Maggot Infestations)
- Subtopic: Siphonaptera: Fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) & Plague Transmission
- Subtopic: Phthiraptera: Human Lice (Pediculus humanus, Phthirus pubis) & Relapsing Fever
- Subtopic: Hemiptera: Bedbugs (Cimex) & Reduviid (Kissing) Bugs
- Subtopic: Acarina: Hard and Soft Ticks (Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever) & Mites (Sarcoptes scabiei)
- Subtopic: Vector Surveillance, Insecticide Resistance & Integrated Vector Management (IVM)
MICROBIOLOGY II • MODULE 7
Medical Mycology & Antifungal Therapy
Fungal Biology, Yeasts & Molds
- Subtopic: Introduction to Mycology: Fungal Morphology, Spores & Diagnostic Staining (KOH)
- Subtopic: Superficial Mycoses & Dermatophytosis (Tinea Capitis, Corporis, Pedis, Cruris)
- Subtopic: Subcutaneous Mycoses: Mycetoma (Madura Foot), Chromoblastomycosis & Sporotrichosis
- Subtopic: Opportunistic Yeasts: Candida albicans (Candidiasis) & Cryptococcus neoformans (Meningitis)
- Subtopic: Endemic Dimorphic Systemic Mycoses: Histoplasma capsulatum
- Subtopic: Blastomyces dermatitidis & Talaromyces marneffei
- Subtopic: Coccidioides immitis & Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
- Subtopic: Opportunistic Molds: Aspergillus Species (Aspergillosis) & Mucorales (Mucormycosis)
- Subtopic: Mycotoxins (Aflatoxicosis), Toxic Mushrooms (Mycetism) & Fungal Allergies
- Subtopic: Antifungal Chemotherapy: Polyenes, Azoles, Echinocandins & Antifungal Resistance
MICROBIOLOGY I • MODULE 8
Immunotherapy, Hypersensitivity & Clinical Immunology
Host Defenses & Immunopathology
- Subtopic: The Immune System in Health: Innate Defenses vs. Adaptive Immunity
- Subtopic: Functional Organization of Central and Peripheral Lymphoid Tissues
- Subtopic: Antigen Recognition, Antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD) & Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC/HLA)
- Subtopic: Hypersensitivity Disorders: Type I (Anaphylaxis), Type II (Cytotoxic), Type III (Immune Complex), Type IV (Cell-Mediated)
- Subtopic: Congenital (Primary) Immunodeficiencies & Acquired (Secondary) Immunodeficiencies
- Subtopic: Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms of Tolerance Breakdown & Organ Damage
- Subtopic: Transplantation Immunology & Prevention of Graft Rejection
- Subtopic: Principles of Immunosuppressive Chemotherapy & Monoclonal Antibodies
- Subtopic: Vaccine Production: Live-Attenuated, Inactivated, Toxoids, Subunit & Recombinant Vaccines
- Subtopic: Passive Immunization: Therapeutic Sera, Immunoglobulins & Cold-Chain Management
Prescribed Textbooks & References
Core reference texts prescribed by the NCHE Bachelor of Nursing Science syllabus.
- Brooks, G.F., Carroll, K.C., Butel, J.S., Morse, S.A. & Mietzner, T.A. (2010). Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology (25th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
- John, D.T. & Petri, W.A. (2006). Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology (9th ed.). St. Louis: Saunders / Elsevier.
- Virella, G. (2007). Medical Immunology (6th ed.). New York: Informa Healthcare Publishers.
- Cheesbrough, M. (1991). Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries (Vol 1 & Vol 2). Tropical Health Technology / Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Dismukes, W.E., Pappas, P.G. & Sobel, J.D. (2003). Clinical Mycology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ayliffe, G.A.J., Collins, B.J. & Taylor, L.J. (2000). Hospital-Acquired Infections: Principles and Prevention. London: Arnold.
- Ukoli, F.M.A. (1992). Prevention and Control of Parasitic Diseases in Tropical Africa. Ibadan: University Press PLC.
Follow your university’s current approved course outline for official course codes, teaching order and assessments. This directory organises supplementary revision resources.
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