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Hormonal Contraceptive Methods
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS Hormonal family planning refers to the use of hormonal methods to prevent pregnancy. Hormonal contraceptive refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system (hormones). These methods involve the use of hormones, usually synthetic versions of those naturally produced by the body, to regulate a woman’s menstrual cycle and prevent…
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Family Planning
FAMILY PLANNING Family planning is defined as the practice of having children by choice and not by chance. Family planning is defined as a process through which individuals, couples make an informed choice on how many children to have, when to have and how often to have so that each child born is expected and…
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Menstruation Disorders
MENSTRUATION DISORDERS Menstrual disorders are abnormalities in menstruation during reproductive life. Common disorders associated with menstruation are as follows; Amenorrhoea Dysmenorrhoea Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Polymenorrhagia (epimenorrhoea) Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Endometriosis MENSTRUATION Menstruation is defined as the periodic physiological discharge of blood from the uterus through the vagina. The normal period of menstruation usually lasts 2-7 days…
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Anatomy and Physiology of the Musculo-skeletal System
Anatomy and Physiology of the Musculo-skeletal System The muscular-skeletal system is the system that is mainly important in locomotion, body support and makes bodies’ frame work It consists of skeletal muscles, bones and joints The skeletal muscle The muscle consists of bundles of myocytes containing actin and myosin molecules. These molecules integrate and form myofibrils…
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Hydrocele
HYDROCELE A hydrocele is a fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum or along the spermatic cord. A hydrocele is accumulation of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis that produces swelling in the inguinal region or scrotum. It often presents as painless swelling in the scrotum. Provided there is no hernia present, hydrocoeles…
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Acute Glomerulonephritis
Acute Glomerulonephritis Acute glomerulonephritis refers to a specific set of renal diseases in which an immunologic mechanism triggers inflammation and proliferation of glomerular tissue that can result in damage to the basement membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium. OR Acute glomerulonephritis (GN) is an inflammatory process involving the glomerulus of the kidney. It is inflammation of…
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Cataract
Cataract Cataract refers to the clouding or opacity of the eye’s lens, leading to impaired vision. This condition occurs when proteins in the lens clump together, causing light to scatter as it passes through the lens. This prevents a sharply defined image from forming on the retina, resulting in blurred or diminished vision. Cataracts can…
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Corneal Ulcers
CORNEAL ULCERS Corneal ulcers are open sores or epithelial defects with underlying inflammation on the cornea, the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris and pupil. These ulcers are often visible as grey to white opaque or translucent areas on the normally clear cornea. In some cases, they may be too small…
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Glaucoma
GLAUCOMA Glaucoma is a group of disorder characterized by an abnormally high intraocular pressure , optic nerve dystrophy, and peripheral filed loss. (BRUNNER) Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss due to IOP. It’s among the common causes of blindness. Glaucoma occurs as a…
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Eye Trauma
Eye Trauma (Ocular Trauma) Eye trauma is an injury to the eye that may result in visual impairment. Ocular trauma refers to any injury to the eye or its surrounding structures caused by physical, chemical, thermal, or radiation agents. It can range from minor irritations to severe injuries affecting vision or structural integrity. Commonly injured…
