BNS 102: Human Physiology I & II
PHYSIOLOGY I • MODULE 1
General, Cellular, Genetic & Tissue Physiology
Homeostasis, Solutions & Membrane Transport
- Subtopic: Homeostasis, Homeodynamism, Variability & Feedback Control Loops
- Subtopic: Body Fluids, Volumes & Fluid Compartment Distribution
- Subtopic: Cellular Physiology, Organelle Function & Active/Passive Transport
- Subtopic: Properties of Physiological Solutions, Osmolarity & Tonicity
- Subtopic: Cellular Communication: Membrane Receptor Physiology & Ligand Signaling
- Subtopic: Signaling Modes: Autocrine, Paracrine, Endocrine & Electrical Communications
- Subtopic: Second Messenger Systems & Intracellular Amplification Cascades
Physiological Genetics
- Subtopic: Nucleic Acids, Chromosomes, Gene Expression & Translation
- Subtopic: The Genetic Code & Mechanisms of Inheritance
- Subtopic: Alleles, Genetic Polymorphism & Sex-Linked Gene Expression
Epithelial, Connective & Bone Physiology
- Subtopic: Functional Organization of Lining Epithelia, Mucous & Serous Membranes
- Subtopic: Physiology of Exocrine & Endocrine Glandular Secretions
- Subtopic: Connective Tissue Physiology: Cells, Fibres, Ground Substance & Interstitial Fluid
- Subtopic: Physiology of Bone & Cartilage: Remodeling, Mineralization & Metabolism
- Subtopic: Composition and Functional Mechanics of Synovial Membranes & Fluids
PHYSIOLOGY I • MODULE 2
Excitable Tissues: Nerve & Muscle Physiology
Neurocellular Biophysics & Membrane Potentials
- Subtopic: Excitability, Resting Membrane Potentials & Ion Channels
- Subtopic: Biophysical Foundations: Bernstein's Hypothesis & Donnan-Gibbs Equilibrium
- Subtopic: Mathematical Models: Nernst Equation & Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation
- Subtopic: Action Potentials: Generation, Threshold, Refractory Periods & Propagation
- Subtopic: Peripheral Nerve Fiber Classifications (A, B, C) & Conduction Velocities
- Subtopic: Axoplasmic Transport, Nerve Injury, Degeneration & Regeneration
- Subtopic: Synaptic Transmission, Synaptic Delays, Neurotransmitters & Receptors
Muscular Tissue Mechanics
- Subtopic: Skeletal, Smooth & Cardiac Muscle Organization and Comparison
- Subtopic: Excitation-Contraction Coupling & Sliding Filament Theory
- Subtopic: Muscle Energetics, Fatigue, Rigor Mortis & Tetanus
- Subtopic: Interpretation of Normal and Abnormal Electromyogram (EMG) Readings
- Subtopic: Common Structural & Functional Muscle Disorders (Myasthenia Gravis, Dystrophies)
PHYSIOLOGY I • MODULE 3
Hematology, Hemostasis & Immune Mechanisms
Blood Composition & Erythrocyte Physiology
- Subtopic: Blood Composition: Plasma, Serum & Cellular Elements
- Subtopic: Erythrocytes (RBCs): Erythropoiesis, Hemoglobin Synthesis & Destruction
- Subtopic: Haematological Indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) & Iron Metabolism
- Subtopic: ABO & Rhesus Blood Groups, Crossmatching & Transfusion Physiology
- Subtopic: Pathophysiology of Anemias, Polycythemia & Hemoglobinopathies
Leukocytes, Immunity & Hemostasis
- Subtopic: Leukocytes (WBCs): Granulopoiesis, Phagocytosis & Cell Functions
- Subtopic: Lymphoid Organs, MALT & Mononuclear Phagocyte System
- Subtopic: Cellular Interactions in Body Defense: Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
- Subtopic: Neuro-Endocrine-Immune Axis Interactions & Stress Immunosuppression
- Subtopic: Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS & Autoimmune Immune Disorders
- Subtopic: Thrombocytes (Platelets), Vascular Spasm & Primary Hemostasis
- Subtopic: Coagulation Cascade Pathways (Intrinsic, Extrinsic, Common) & Fibrinolysis
- Subtopic: Bleeding & Clotting Disorders (Hemophilia, Thrombocytopenia, DIC)
PHYSIOLOGY I • MODULE 4
Respiratory Physiology & Gas Exchange
Ventilation Mechanics & Pulmonary Biophysics
- Subtopic: Mechanics of Breathing: Muscular Action, Intrapleural Pressures & Surfactant
- Subtopic: Gas Laws & Physical Properties of Respiratory Gases (Boyle, Charles, Dalton, Henry)
- Subtopic: Lung Volumes & Capacities: Spirometry Assessment
- Subtopic: Lung Morphometry, Dead Space & Alveolar Ventilation Dynamics
Gas Transport, Perfusion & Respiratory Control
- Subtopic: Alveolar-Capillary Gas Exchange & Diffusion Barriers
- Subtopic: Pulmonary Circulation Dynamics & Ventilation-Perfusion ($V/Q$) Ratios
- Subtopic: Transport of Oxygen ($O_2$): Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve & Influencing Factors
- Subtopic: Transport of Carbon Dioxide ($CO_2$): Bicarbonate, Carbamino & Dissolved Forms
- Subtopic: Neural & Chemical Control of Respiration (Medullary Centers, Chemoreceptors)
- Subtopic: Integrated Control Mechanisms & Pulmonary Acid-Base Balance Regulation
- Subtopic: Non-Respiratory Functions of the Respiratory Tract & Common Pathophysiology
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PHYSIOLOGY II • MODULE 5
Cardiovascular Physiology & Hemodynamics
Cardiac Electrophysiology & Mechanics
- Subtopic: Cardiac Pacemaker Potentials vs. Ventricular Myocyte Action Potentials
- Subtopic: Genesis & Clinical Interpretation of the Normal Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Subtopic: The Cardiac Cycle: Mechanical Events, Pressure-Volume Loops & Heart Sounds
- Subtopic: Cardiac Output Regulation: Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, Preload (Starling's Law) & Afterload
Hemodynamics, Pressure Regulation & Special Circulations
- Subtopic: Fluid Flow in Tubes, Hemodynamics, Vascular Resistance & Poiseuille's Law
- Subtopic: Arterial Blood Pressure, Pulse Pressure & Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
- Subtopic: Short-Term (Baroreceptor/Chemoreceptor) & Long-Term (RAAS) BP Regulation
- Subtopic: Microcirculation, Capillary Fluid Dynamics & Starling Forces
- Subtopic: Cardiovascular Responses to Physical Exercise & Training
- Subtopic: Pathophysiology of Hemorrhage, Circulatory Collapse & Shock Classifications
- Subtopic: Foetal Circulation, Circulatory Changes at Birth & Neonatal Adaptations
- Subtopic: Hemodynamics in Specialized Vascular Beds (Cerebral, Coronary, Pulmonary, Splanchnic)
PHYSIOLOGY II • MODULE 6
Gastrointestinal & Digestive Physiology
GI Motility, Secretions & Regulation
- Subtopic: Functional Organization: Enteric Nervous System & Gastrointestinal Motility
- Subtopic: Humoral & Neuromyogenic Control of Swallowing, Peristalsis & Segmentation
- Subtopic: Regulation of Appetite, Satiety, Thirst & Feeding Centers
- Subtopic: Salivary, Gastric, Pancreatic, Biliary & Intestinal Secretions
- Subtopic: Gastric Acid Production Mechanisms & Mucosal Barrier Defense
Digestion, Absorption & Hepatosplanchnic Metabolism
- Subtopic: Digestion & Luminal Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins & Lipids
- Subtopic: Absorption of Water, Electrolytes, Vitamins & Trace Minerals
- Subtopic: Physiological Functions of the Liver: Bile Synthesis, Conjugation & Detoxification
- Subtopic: Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology: Peptic Ulcer Disease, Malabsorption, Diarrhea & Vomiting
PHYSIOLOGY II • MODULE 7
Renal Physiology, Fluid-Electrolyte & Acid-Base Homeostasis
Nephron Function, GFR & Hemodynamics
- Subtopic: Renal Functional Anatomy, Cortical/Juxtamedullary Nephrons & Blood Flow
- Subtopic: Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): Determinants, Pressures & Autoregulation
- Subtopic: Tubular Reabsorption & Secretory Mechanisms in Proximal/Distal Tubules
- Subtopic: Loop of Henle, Countercurrent Multiplier/Exchanger & Urine Concentration
Osmoregulation, Endocrine Kidney & Micturition
- Subtopic: Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Volume & Osmolarity (ADH / Vasopressin)
- Subtopic: Renal Handling of Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium & Phosphate
- Subtopic: Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance: Bicarbonate Reabsorption & Proton Excretion
- Subtopic: Endocrine Functions of the Kidney: Renin, Erythropoietin & Calcitriol ($1,25-(OH)_2D_3$)
- Subtopic: Renal Clearance Concept (Inulin, Creatinine), Micturition Reflex & Bladder Control
- Subtopic: Physiological Mechanisms of Diuretic Agents & Pathophysiology of Renal Failure
PHYSIOLOGY II • MODULE 8
Endocrine, Reproductive, Neuro & Integumentary Physiology
Endocrinology & Metabolic Homeostasis
- Subtopic: Endocrine Communication Principles: Chemical Classes, Receptors & Feedback Loops
- Subtopic: Hormone Transport, Plasma Binding Proteins, Clearance & Receptor Action
- Subtopic: Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System & Anterior/Posterior Pituitary Axes
- Subtopic: Growth Hormone (GH) & Somatomedins: Metabolic Actions & Growth Regulation
- Subtopic: The Pineal Gland, Melatonin & Circadian Rhythm Entrainment
- Subtopic: Thyroid Gland: Iodine Trapping, $T_3/T_4$ Synthesis, Calorie Regulation & Disorders
- Subtopic: Calcium & Phosphate Homeostasis: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Calcitonin & Vitamin D
- Subtopic: Adrenal Glands: Medullary Catecholamines & Cortical Glucocorticoids/Mineralocorticoids
- Subtopic: Endocrine Pancreas: Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin & Glucose Homeostasis
- Subtopic: Diffuse Neuro-Endocrine System (DNES) & Paracrine Secretory Tissues
Reproductive Physiology, Pregnancy & Lactation
- Subtopic: Puberty, Climacteric & Neuro-Endocrine Maturation
- Subtopic: Male Reproduction: Spermatogenesis, Sertoli/Leydig Cells, Blood-Testis Barrier & Semen
- Subtopic: Testicular Regulation, Androgens, Penile Tumescence, Detumescence & Erection
- Subtopic: Female Reproduction: Oogenesis, Ovarian Follicular Phase & Ovulation
- Subtopic: Endometrial (Menstrual) Cycle: Proliferative, Secretory & Menstrual Phases
- Subtopic: Physiology of Coitus, Capacitation & Fertilization
- Subtopic: Physiology of Pregnancy: Feto-Placental Endocrine Unit & Fetal Homeostasis
- Subtopic: Physiological Adaptation to Parturition & Neonatal Transitional Adaptation
- Subtopic: Lactation Physiology: Mammogenesis, Lactogenesis, Galactopoiesis & Milk Ejection Reflex
Neurophysiology, Special Senses & Integument
- Subtopic: Somatosensory Coding, Receptor Types & Ascending Sensory Pathways
- Subtopic: Physiology of Pain: Nociception, Gating Mechanisms & Central Thalamic Processing
- Subtopic: Motor System Control: Spinal Reflex Arcs, Muscle Spindles & Golgi Tendon Organs
- Subtopic: Supraspinal Motor Pathways, Pyramidal/Extrapyramidal Systems, Cerebellum & Basal Ganglia
- Subtopic: Upper vs. Lower Motor Neurons & Vestibular Equilibrium Control
- Subtopic: Special Senses: Photoreception, Optical Pathways, Hearing, Olfaction & Gustation
- Subtopic: Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Visceral Integration
- Subtopic: Hypothalamic Nuclei: Thermoregulation, Hunger, Satiety & Vegetative Functions
- Subtopic: Higher Brain Functions: Cerebral Cortex, Language, Sleep Cycles (EEG), Memory & Limbic Emotions
- Subtopic: Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics, Blood-Brain Barrier & Blood-CSF Barrier
- Subtopic: Integumentary Physiology: Skin in Thermoregulation, Sensation, Metabolic & Fluid Barrier Roles
- Subtopic: Integrated Musculoskeletal Physiology: Bone Remodeling & Functional Movement
Prescribed Textbooks & References
Official textbooks and reference literature prescribed by the NCHE Bachelor of Nursing Science syllabus.
- Ganong, W.F. (2003). Review of Medical Physiology (21st ed.). London: Appleton & Lange.
- Guyton, A.C. & Hall, J.E. (2010). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders / Elsevier.
- Martini, F.H. (2001). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. Philadelphia: Prentice Hall.
- Marieb, E.N. (2004). Human Anatomy and Physiology. London: Daryl Fox Publishers / Pearson.
- Thibodeau, G.A. & Patton, K.P. (2003). Anatomy and Physiology (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby.
- Tortora, G.J. & Derrickson, N.P. (2006). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (11th ed.). New York: Harper & Row / Wiley.
Follow your university’s current approved course outline for official course codes, teaching order and assessments. This directory organises supplementary revision resources.
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